tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31157922916632192932024-02-07T11:03:56.415-08:00Materi IPS Terpadu SMPN 1 BogorMedia Informasi Pelajaran IPS TerpaduRudie Suleman S.E.http://www.blogger.com/profile/07902617067835033717noreply@blogger.comBlogger19125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3115792291663219293.post-75458528143391732902014-02-27T17:17:00.001-08:002014-02-27T17:17:35.205-08:00Welcome to IPS<span class="fullpost"> <br />
hai, welcome home after a years...ngga nulis lagi hehhe,<br />
seperti yang lalu bapak selalu saja lupa pasword hingga untuk mengisi blog ini harus nyari nyari pasword dan selalu susah yang akhirnya urung untuk menulis,<br />
buat temen temen ( siswa siswi ku) dan para pembaca yang lain yang senang dengan celotehan guru IPS ini, bapak harap memakluminya..(hihih ge-er)<br />
Begitulah, kali ini di tahun yang baru, informasi menyatakan bahwa akan digunakannya secara serentak kurikulum 2013 mulai kelas 7 dan 8, bagi teman guru yang belum mengikuti penataran, sejak penataran guru inti, guru sasaran sampai guru pendamping...ya pasti akan adanya pelatihan, dan pemerintah katanya akan mengangkat guru /instruktur nasional yang diambil dari guru pendamping atau guru yang...belum tahu apa apa...(lho?)<br />
tidak apa apa itu bukan masalah, dan memang tidak ada masalah bagi guru bila sering berganti kurikulum. bapak aja pernah ngalami kurikulum 1975, kurikullum 1984, kurikullum 1989, kurikulum ... kurikulum 2004 KBK. KTSP dan kini 2013...its so easy. apalagi pelajaran IPS...IPS dari dulu sama aja paling bertambah menemuan, penelitian dan dasarnya sama, buku yang tahun 1988 masih bisa dibaca di tahun 2014 ini, untuk geografi, sejarah dan ekonomi. paling untuk sejarah ada sejarah orde baru dan globalisasi yang juga diajarkan di PKn. kerjasama internasional (ekonomi) ada di PKn semacam ASEAN, APEC, AFTA...jadi IPS dan PKn ...lha materinya sama, yang beda guru yang ngajarnya... </span><br />
siswa apapun kurikulumnya tidak akan kesusahan, (so be calm..aja) gurupun tidak akan kesusahan yang jelas guru harus berpikir gimana mengajarkannya, kalian (siswa/i) tinggal berpikir gimana aku harus belajar dan mempelajarinya, karena di kurikulum yang baru ini siswa tetap dituntut untuk mencari sendiri pengetahuannya seperti dulu ada program CBSA (cara belajar siswa aktif) ada PAIKEM (pembelajaran aktif inovatif kreatif efefktif menyenangkan)...so pelajaran bagi kalian itu mustinya fun..having fun.<br />
buat siswa siswi...cara sukses belajar yaitu belajarlah dengan menyenangkan, senangi pelajaran dan pelajaran akan menyenangimmu, dengan senang mempelajari terbukalah otak dan pemikiran yang mencerahkan sehingga mudah terhapalkan, mudah dimegerti dan memang dengan rasa senang semuanya akan lancar lancar aja. tidak hanya dalam belajar ternyata bila kalian menyenangi ulangan, latihan, tes maka lama kelamaan kalian akan mampu mengerjakan tes atau ulangan tersebut. tes tersebut akan membantu membuka pikiran yang tertutup di otak kalian, dengan rasa senang kan ada enjim, atau (apanamanya) didalam otak..semacam endorfin yang membangitkan /memacu aliran listrik dalam otak hingga terasa plong...nyaman dan terbuka dan A...HA ! gitu.kata penelitian para ahli...<br />
so have fun to study and doing test...make joy in your daily life..<br />
sekian dulu ya...Rudie Suleman S.E.http://www.blogger.com/profile/07902617067835033717noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3115792291663219293.post-82128720085809947182013-09-10T03:24:00.001-07:002013-09-10T03:24:46.809-07:00IPS Kurikulum 2013 <span class="fullpost"> </span><br />
Kurikulum 2013 telah merubah pelajaran IPS yang terpadu tapi belum berpadu menjadi makin terpadu....horeee, akhirnya pemerintah mengeluarkan pelajaran IPS untuk SMP menjadi semakin mudah, tidak ada lagi IPS terpadu belajarnya ekonomi aja, IPS terpadu belajarnya sejarah dulu, IPS terpadu tapi belajar geografi "wungkul" hehehe dsb.<br />
kini IPS terpadu pertema dan seperti di SD, yaitu temanya apa kajiannya menyeluruh boleh ngomongin sejarahnya, geografinya, ekonominya juga sosiologinya, atau dengan kata lain materi telah dilebur jadi IPS dan memang IPS artinya Ilmu Pengetahuan SukaSuka....hihihihi....<br />
well, selamat datang kurikulum 2013, mudah mudahan dapat di cerna dengan berbagai ide idenya yang "Scientifik" dan semakin diminati oleh guru maupun oleh para siswa.<br />
so para siswaku yang tercinta, terutama kls 7, kalianlah pioner, peserta para awal kurikulum 2013, kalian diharapkan dapat memahami dan..mempelajarinya dan ternyata yang penting di kurikulum 2013 itu...rajinlah membaca, rajinlah buka buku ilmu pengetahuan, rajinlah browsing, rajinlah....tekunlah...dengan banyak membaca..(yg katanya minat baca siswa sekarang rendah)menjadi pandai dengan membaca, pantas ayat pertama yang diberikan pada nabi MUHAMMAD S.A.W. adalah Iqro yang artinya BACALAH....dengan rajin membaca pengetahuan bertambah, dan kalau ulangan tidak lagi buka buku alias nyontek tapi semuanya ada dalam lembaran lembaran otak kita....setuju...<br />
Rudie Suleman S.E.http://www.blogger.com/profile/07902617067835033717noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3115792291663219293.post-15810479413494027032013-05-05T18:31:00.000-07:002013-05-05T18:31:54.418-07:00Menjelang Ujian kenaikan kelas<span class="fullpost"><br />
Horee...kita akan ujian kenaikan kelas...artinya kita akan naik kelas ke tingkat yang tinggi dan...horeee??<br />
kita harus belajar, mana bahan pelajaran banyak, materi belum semuanya selesai, aduuhhh gimana nih??<br />
<br />
jangan takut, ini ada kisi kisi untuk memudahkan kita belajar, tidak semua materi yang kita pelajari akan diujikan sebab ...kan udah dalam tugas dan pr dan ulangan, so ngga semua akan ditanyain lagi dalam ujian kecuali yang penting penting buat kita ketahui, dan acuan untuk menambah nilai lagi...gituuu<br />
<br />
so yang akan diujikan adalah:<br />
geografi: tentang masalah hidrosfer aja kan atmosfer ama litosfer udah kemaren kemaren, proses hidrologi (itu tuh yang menguap air, jadi awan, kebawa angin dan akhirnya hujan) nah itu ditanyain dalam soal, termasuk jaraknya alias siklus pendek, sedang atau panjang, trus ada aliran aliran sungai, macem macemnya dan istilah istilah arus dan aliran sungai, macam macam danau, apa itu rawa, kedalaman laut (litoral, abisal , neretik dst) juga ZEE (nah apa tuh? berapa jaraknya?)dan hal hal lainnya di bab tersebut. trus sejarah yang kan ditanyain bukti kedatangan islam di Indonesia (makam fatimah bt maimun tuh) raja kesultanan islam pertama, sunan alias wali songo, peningggal peninggalan kesultanan islam, kedatangan bangsa eropa (portugis, spanyol, belanda , inggris) juga apa artinya VOC,(kepanjangannya) dan hak hak VOC (hak octroii) dst, ekonominya tentang kreativitas, inovasi, kewirausahaan, kemadirian itumah logika kita, pasti bisa.<br />
<br />
kenapa badan usaha dan perusahaan ngga ada, karena itu sudah dibahas dikelas dan kalau sempet di ulangankan atau tugas, tapi wajib dipelajari walau ngga ada di UKK nanti, oh ya ini bukan bocoran soal ini kisi kisi biar kamu ngapalinnya terarah, dan jangan lupa kisi kisi yang selembar dari bapak guru IPS udah diberikan ke ketua kelas atau temen temen kamu, maka segera fotokopi dan....yang penting mah: ada kisi kisi atau ngga ada..<b>belajar aja</b>, bukunya yang dipakai buku BOS dan buku yang diterbitkan erlangga, kalau buku lain...? yah ada juga, semua buku IPS kls 7 boleh kamu baca dan pelajari, so trus...yah belajar deh yang rajin! jangan nunggu ntar bisa nyontek ...jangan nyontek lagi.. kan hukumnya haram dan dibenci Tuhan, dan hiiih yang nyontek pada saat ujian itu nantinya akan jadi orang yang ngga bener...jadi koruptor...bandar judi...penjahat..pencuri...dst dst..bukan nakut nakutin tapi yah liat aja di TV TV atau dilingkungan kita kan banyak tuh orang orang jahat, penipu,pencopet pasti mereka itu dulunya tukang nyontek. .hehehehehehe..... <br />
Selamat belajar jangan takut ngga bisa...pasti kamu bisa.<br />
</span>Rudie Suleman S.E.http://www.blogger.com/profile/07902617067835033717noreply@blogger.com0Bogor, Indonesia-6.3753531678912347 106.578369140625-6.6279111678912344 106.255645640625 -6.1227951678912351 106.901092640625tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3115792291663219293.post-65666390026696004772013-05-05T18:00:00.000-07:002013-05-05T18:00:39.444-07:00Kerancuan yang masih dipelajari<span class="fullpost">
Kesultanan Cirebon
Kesultanan cirebon yang menurut buku sejarah didirikan oleh syarif hidayatullah atau lebih dikenal dengan sunan gunung jati atau susuhunan jati,merupakan menantu dari kerajaan sunda yaitu pakuan pajajaran, beliau diperkirakan menikahi anak dari raja sunda tersebut( sri baduga maharaja?) dimana putra beliau yaitu Hasanudin menjadi bupati di daerah Banten yang kemudian ditetapkan sebagai sultan Banten yang pertama, maka muncullah kesultanan Banten.
Dalam buku sejarah masih disebutkan,bahwa Syarif hidayatullah atau sunan gunung jati adalah Fatahillah/ faletehan (menurut sejarawan Husein jayadiningrat dan sanusi pane)yang terkenal dengan penyerangannya ke sunda kepala, yang konon dinamakan Jayakarta yang selanjutnya bernama Batavia oleh Belanda dan kembali ke pangkuan Indonesia bernama Jakarta ( singkatan dari Jayakarta) namun beberapa peneliti menyatakan belum ada bukti yang menyatakan daerah sunda kelapa pernah diberi nama Jayakarta.
Kembali ke Buku sejarah yang diterbitkan pemerintah dan beredar sebagai buku BOS (buku yang dananya dibeli dari bantuan operasional sekolah) masih menyatakan bahwa sunan gunung jati atau syarif hidayatullah biasa dipanggil Fatahillah. padahal menurut peneliti yang lain bahwa Fatahillah atau nama aslinya fadillah khan adalah seorang panglima dari kesultanan Demak yang berasal dari arab (?) yang akhirnya menikah dengan putrinya syarif hidayatullah, atau menjadi menantunya sunan gunung jati, maka maksudnya : bahwa sunan gunung jati dan fatahillah adalah 2 orang yang berbeda bukan satu orang yang sama beda nama. hanya makam/ kuburannya memang berdekatan antara syarif hidayatullah dan fatahillah.
well, itulah hasil penelitiannya dan masih banyak lagi yang harus kita pelajari dan ternyata masih harus diteliti...namanya juga pelajaran sejarah jadi harus terus dicari segala dokumen dokumen yang dapat membantah atau meneguhkan suatu penemuan penemuan yang terdahulu tersebut. </span> termasuk kedatangan nenek moyang kita yang katanya dari Yunan?...wah katanya sih itu penemuan palsu yang jelas orang Indonesia itu sudah ada berbarengan dengan bangsa bangsa yang ada di dunia, yang berasal dari keturunan nabi Adam A.S. yang menjelajah ke arah timur, ada yang menetap di China, Jepang, Thailand, Malaysia ada juga yang melanjutkan ke Indonesia yang kemungkinan masa dulu masih luas daratan dibanding lautan seperti sekarang ini, dan mereka menyebar jadi suku dayak, batak, jawa, sunda, sampai papua. tapi harus diteliti lagi bahwa maluku dan papua warna kulitnya agak berbeda dengan melayu di bagian baratnya , mereka lebih mirip ke mandagaskar, fiji, hawaii, selandia baru dan aborigin....wah ternyata luas juga jangkau makhluk Tuhan itu akhirnya ya.
ok...terus baca karena apa yang disampaikan di sini pun belum tentu benar karena bapa hanya membaca dari penelitian orang lain (para ahli) dan hanya menyampaikan pada kalian, kalianpun harus membaca lagi penelitian dan sampaikan ke bapak dan teman teman lainnya...oke, good luckRudie Suleman S.E.http://www.blogger.com/profile/07902617067835033717noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3115792291663219293.post-81108373379255114442013-05-02T18:00:00.000-07:002013-05-02T18:00:32.314-07:00Kreativitas dan inovasi
Kreatifitas dan inovasi merupakan pelajaran ekonomi kelas 7 bab terakhir sesuai dengan kurikulum yang (katanya) akan diganti dengan kurikulum 2013, yang mudah mudahan di kurikulum baru itu materi pelajarannya tidak akan berubah, masih ada pelajaran ekonomi yang menceritakan kewirausahaan, kreativitas dan inovasi. sebab ilmu tentang hal hal ini sangat penting diketahui oleh siswa,
</span>
kenapa penting sebab kewirausahaan memang harus dipelajari dan di praktekkan secara dini, artinya siswa SMP mesti melek dan tahu banyak tentang kewirausahaan, dan mausedikit banyak untuk mempraktekkan cara wirausaha, wirausaha bukan berarti nyari uang melulu sejak kecil tapi minimal tahu bagaimana membantu orang tua...lho? apa hubungannya? tentu...dengan kewirausahaan berarti kita dididik untuk mempunyai sikap mandiri, dengan sikap mandiri, kita bisa melaksanakan hak dan kewajiban kita sendiri, dan kewajiban kita sebagai pelajar tentunya belajar dan tak lupa membantu orang tua yang telah memberi kita kesempatan untuk belajar, makan, tinggal dirumahnya (...?) dan kita hidup bersamanya, karena suatu saat kita(pelajar) pada dewasa kita akan meninggalkan orangtyua kita dan hidup membina keluarga sendiri, memiliki anak dan...berkelakuan seperti orangtua kita dulu...begitu seterusnya.
kembali ke wirausaha, untuk bisa berwirausaha kita harus kreatif, kreatif adalah daya nalar kita untuk mampu menciptakan ide, maupun produk produk yang berguna bagi kehidupan, minimal mampu untuk memenuhi kebutuhan manusia. dengan kreatifitas yang tercipta lama kelamaan barang atau produk tersebut akan terus terpikirkan untuk mengembangkan lagi, maka dinamakan inovasi, jadi inovasi adalah hasil kreasi dari barang /produk yang telah kita buat kita kembangkan dengan lebih baik. contoh: kendaraan diciptakan untuk memudahkan kita bergerak dari suatu tempat ke tempat lain dengan waktu yang singkat, kemudian kendaraan tersebut di inovasi dengan bahan bakar yang irit..bila selama ini bahan bakar sangat boros.., atau bentuk kendaraannya dimodifikasi dengan tampilan yang lebih bagus, hal ini merupakan inovasi.
oke...jadi kreatifitas dan inovasi memang selalu berkaitan, dan hal ini harus di tunjang dengan sikap atau karakter wirausaha, memang ujung ujungnya wirausaah akan menghasilkan pendapatan yang semakin meningkat dan taraf hiduppun akan semakin meningkat pula.Rudie Suleman S.E.http://www.blogger.com/profile/07902617067835033717noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3115792291663219293.post-76573572091655792142012-09-19T07:35:00.002-07:002012-09-19T07:35:57.403-07:00The truth about prehistoric<span class="fullpost">
</span>Prehistoric atau dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah prasejarah, praaksara dimana manusia saat itu belum mengenal tulisan, belum adanya didaerah tersebut orang yang mulai memakai tulisan sebagai alat komunikasi atau menyampaikan pendapat, tapi jelas orang / manusai manusia tersebut ada dan tidak seperti manusia kera yang diperkirakan dalam buku buku sejarah. buku sejarah tentang prasejarah yang dipelajari baik di SMP maupun SMA adalah prasejarah menurut teori evolusi Darwin, yang mengemukakan bahwa semua makhluk hidup asalnya satu dan hasil evolusi dan hal tersebut di setujui oleh para "ahli" sehingga mereka setuju bahwa manusia adalah hasil evolusi, dari satu makhluk hidup jaman dulu ( mungkin jaman paleozoikum ) sampai akhirnya jadi makhluk makhluk raksasa (dinosaurus) di jaman Jurasic (Mesozoikum) dan jadi setengah manusia (manusai kera / pithecantropus ) dijaman Neozoikum dan masa holoceen jadi manusia sempurna..gitu kata teori evolusi..., is it true???
Karena pendidikan di Indonesia masih menganut sisa sisa kolonialisme (Pendidikan Belanda ) yang sekuler maka pendidikan dan agama tentunya dipisahkan, padahal agama dengan ilmu pengetahuan apalagi pendidikan itu harus saling mengisi dan satu, karena kita belajar mencari ilmu pengetahuan pada dasarnya adalah untuk mengenal Tuhan dan penciptaannya, dan mencintai hidup yang telah ditetapkan Tuhan di bumi ini, bukan malah menjauhi Tuhan, apalagi seorang muslim , mencari ilmu pengetahuan adalah bentuk ibadah dan berpahala.
Kembali ke prasejarah, manusia datang / ada di dunia diciptakan Tuhan dari prototype manusia sempurna yaitu dinamakan Adam (Nabi Adam A.S.) dan Hawa, dan bukan makhluk yang membelah diri seperti Amuba. tapi beranak pinak dengan wujud sempurna sebagai manusia seperti sekarang ini. ditemukannya tulang tengkorak dan lainnya di solo, wajak, dsb yang berupa kepala mirip kera, mungkin emang kera jaman dulu, dan bila kera jaman dulu wujudnya sebesar manusia sampai sekarang pun ada namanya Gorilla, mirip manusia ada lagi yang dinamakan orang utan, mungkin tengkorak itu yang ditemukan oleh Rudolf Virchou, Eugene Dubois, Koenigswald dan temen temennya. so tulang tengkorak tersebut emang tidak aneh bagi bangsa Indonesia, dan kenapa kho banyak ditemukan di Indonesia???
karena Indonesia letaknya jauh dari eropa, di tahun 1800an jelas orang eropa "males " datang ke Indonesia karena masih di kuasai Belanda......mahal ongkos ke Indonesia untuk menolak pendapatnya Dubois kal itu untuk sekedar membuktikan bener tidaknya penemuan dubois tersebut, so masyarakat eropa percaya aja, dan kita sampai sekarang dibuat percaya aja, lagian khan Indonesia jadi terkenal di dunia..atau mungkin kala itu supaya tetap meneguhkan pendapat bahwa "wajar " aja belanda menjajah hindia belanda karena manusia di hindia belanda emang masih keturunan pithecantropus..hih, hehehehe...
seru kan?! baca lagi deh buku bukunya ya..banyak baca buku banyak tahu , itu dulu deh materi dari Bapa, see you in class
Rudie Suleman S.E.http://www.blogger.com/profile/07902617067835033717noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3115792291663219293.post-23496046071291693212012-09-16T07:15:00.003-07:002012-09-16T07:15:58.830-07:00Coming again<span class="fullpost"> </span>
Selamat datang siswa siswiku, it's been a long time..hehe
yah, sudah lama Bapa ngga nulis blog lagi baru sekarang ketemu lagi paswordnya
tapi pelajaran IPS nya ya sama kls 7, 8, 9 semuanya sesuai silabus dan kurikulum KTSP tentunya.
oh ya sudah sampai dimana...wah tentunya siswa siswiku yang tahun 2008 dulu pernah ikutan baca blog ini telah SMA ya..sukses deh, namun jangan lupa tetap belajar...IPS gitu lho, kenapa? karena dengan belajar IPS setidaknya kalau mau keluar negeri ga malu malu banget tahu kondisi geografisnya, tahu sejarahnya..kalau mau tahu... dan tahu segalanya walaupun emang musti dihapal, tapi ga dihapalpun bisa asal diinget...lho gimana ni si Bapa teh,
well, maklum baru nemuin blog ini lagi dan mau ngajak belajar lagi bagi semuanya, karena pelajaran IPS umum dan guru seperti Bapa adalah guru Universal, alias semua boleh baca ini blog, termasuk aliens dan golongan jin pun boleh...hihi...ya why not,
semoga Bapa ada waktu untuk nulis blog ini lagi Oke
Rudie Suleman S.E.http://www.blogger.com/profile/07902617067835033717noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3115792291663219293.post-41946114050340785682008-08-27T21:14:00.000-07:002008-08-27T21:22:02.908-07:00Buku kerja siswaBUKU KERJA SISWA<br /><br />Bab 1<br /><br />Manusia sebagai Makhluk Sosial dan Ekonomi yang Bermoral<br /><br />Kompetensi dasar :<br />Mendeskripsikan manusia sebagai makhluk sosial dan mahkluk ekonomi yang bermoral dalam memenuhi kebutuhan.<br /><br />Indikator:<br />Siswa diharapkan mampu:<br />•Mendefinisikan makna manusia sebagai makhluk sosial dan makhluk ekonomi yang bermoral,<br />•Mengidentifikasikan ciri ciri makhluk sosial dan makhluk ekonomi yang bermoral<br />•Mewujudkan hubungan yang harmonis antarmanusia sebagai makhluk sosial dan ekonomi yang bermoral<br /><br />kata kunci:<br />•Socius berasal dari bahasa Latin yang berarti teman, kawan atau masyarakat.<br />•Economicus = oikonomia /oikos-nomos dari bhs. Yunani<br />•Oikos=Rumah tangga. Nomos=Aturan<br />•Ilmu ekonomi ialah ilmu yang mempelajari tingkah laku<br /><br /> Ringkasan Materi.<br /><br />1. Makna manusia sebagai makhluk sosial dan makhluk ekonomi yang bermoral<br /><br /> Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari manusia tidak mungkin hidup sendiri dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya tanpa bantuan orang lain, karena memang manusia diciptakan Tuhan untuk saling berinteraksi, bermasyara kat / bersilaturahmi dengan sesama serta dapat saling tolong menolong dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya.<br /> <br /><span class="fullpost"><br />Kebutuhan untuk bermasyarakat atau berkumpul dengan sesama merupakan kebutuhan dasar (naluri) manusia itu sendiri yang dinamakan Gregariousness. Maka dengan demikian manusia merupakan makhluk sosial ( Homo Socius) yaitu makhluk yang selalu ingin berinteraksi dengan sesama/ bergaul. Adapun ilmu yang mempelajari manusia sebagai makhluk yang mempunyai naluri untuk senantiasa hidup bersama sesamanya dinamakan ilmu sosiologi.<br /> Manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya di ungkapkan oleh Adam Smith ( 1723-1790) dalam bukunya yang berjudul “ An Inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations”, yaitu Manusia merupakan makhluk ekonomi ( Homo Economicus) yang cenderung tidak pernah merasa puas dengan apa yang diperolehnya dan selalu berusaha secara terus menerus dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya. (self Interest).<br /> Sebagai makhluk ekonomi manusia selalu bertindak Rasional artinya selalu memperhitungkan sebab akibat (untung- rugi) dalam mengambil suatu keputusan dalam rangka memenuhi kebutuhannya sehingga tidak merugikan diri sendiri. Namun demikian makhluk ekonomi bukanlah makhluk egois yang hanya <br />Manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya <br />guna mencapai kemakmuran.mementingkan diri sendiri dan merugikan orang lain. Makhluk ekonomi cenderung menggunakan prinsip prinsip ekonomi dalam aktifitasnya <br />• Homo homini lupus = manusia menjadi serigala bagi manusia lainnya (maksudnya manusia merugikan /membuat kelicikan/ kejahatan terhadap manusia lainnya.<br />• Homo homini socius = manusia menjadi kawan bagi manusia lainnya.<br />• Aristoteles (seorang filsuf yunani ) menyatakan bahwa manusia adalah makhluk yang selalu hidup bermasyarakat. (zoon politicon). <br /><br />2. Ciri Ciri Manusia sebagai makhluk sosial dan ekonomi yang bermoral.<br /><br /> Manusia sebagai makhluk sosial memiliki naluri untuk saling tolong menolong, setia kawan dan toleransi serta simpati dan empati terhadap sesamanya. Keadaan inilah yang dapat menjadikan suatu masyarakat yang baik, harmonis dan rukun, hingga timbullah norma, etika dan kesopan santunan yang dianut oleh masyarakat. Bila hal hal diatas dilanggar atau terabaikan maka terjadilah yang dinamakan penyimpangan sosial.<br />Manusia sebagai makhluk sosial memiliki 2 harat yaitu: <br />1.Keinginan untuk menjadi satu dengan manusia yang lain di sekelilingnya ( Masyarakat).<br />2.Keinginan untuk menjadi satu dengan suasana alam sekitarnya.<br />Manusia sebagai makhluk ekonomi memiliki Ciri- ciri yaitu:<br />1.Cenderung melakukan tindakan ekonomi atas dasar kepentingan sendiri<br />2.Cenderung melakukan tindakan ekonomi secara efisien. ( selalu memikirkan perbandingan antara apa yang dikorbankan/ dikeluarkan dengan apa yang akan dicapai / hasilnya.).<br />3.Cenderung memilih suatu kegiatan /aktifitas yang paling dekat dengan pencapaian tujuan yang diinginkan.<br />Ketiga kecenderungan ini disebabkan karena kebutuhan atau keinginan manusia yang selalu bertambah sedangkan sumberdaya / pemuas kebutuhan sifatnya terbatas.<br /> Adapun faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya adalah:<br />A.Faktor Intern:<br />1.Sikap dan gaya hidup<br />2.Selera<br />3.Pendapatan<br />4.Intensitas kebutuhan<br /><br />B.Faktor Ekstern <br />1.lingkungan<br />2.Adat istiadat<br />3.Kebijakan pemerintah<br />4.Mode / Trend<br />5.Kemajuan teknologi dan kebudayaan<br />6.Keadaan alam<br /><br />3.Hubungan antara manusia sebagai makhluk sosial dan makhluk ekonomi yang bermoral.<br /><br />Manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya tak lepas dari hubungannya dengan orang lain, karena dengan adanya hubungan tersebut maka apa yang dibutuhkan mungkin dapat terpenuhi, sebagai contoh; Manusia membutuhkan makan nasi maka ia harus pergi ke pasar untuk membeli beras pada penjual beras, adapun penjual beras tentunya mendapatkan beras (membelinya) dari para petani di desa. Hubungan jual beli ini tentunya akan lebih baik dengan mengindahkan etika dan norma (Moral) yaitu tidak melakukan kecurangan dalam transaksi jual belinya. Seperti mengurangi timbangan atau transaksi dengan menggunakan sebagian uang palsu dan berbagai bentuk kecurangan lainya.<br />Bila terjadi kecurangan kecurangan tentunya hubungan antar manusia tidak akan harmonis. Walau manusia sebagai makhluk ekonomi yang selalu ingin mementingkan diri sendiri dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya namun tidak dibenarkan untuk melakukan kecurangan dalam memperoleh apa yang diinginkannya.<br />Manusia tidak boleh mengabaikan etika dan nilai nilai moral didalam hubungannya dengan manusia lain (homo socius) dan dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya (homo economicus). <br /><br />Soal Soal Latihan<br /><br />I.Berilah tanda silang (X) huruf a, b, c, atau d pada jawaban yang paling benar.<br /><br />1.Istilah Ekonomi dari kata oikonomia yang berasal dari bahasa... .<br />a. sansekerta c. yunani<br />b. latin d. Inggris<br />2. Oikos –nomos bila diartikan adalah;<br />a. keuangan negara c. aturan pembangunan<br />b. aturan rumah tangga d. sistem perekonomian<br />3.Manusia tidak dapat hidup tanpa berinteraksi dengan manusia lain, hal ini menunjukan bahwa manusia sebagai makhluk ....<br />a. ekonomi c. individu<br />b. sosial d. berkelompok<br />4.Naluri manusia untuk bisa berkumpul dengan sesamanya dinamakan...<br />a. gregariousness c. vegetarian<br />b. homo sosius d. homo economicus<br />5.Homo socius, arti kata socius adalah....<br />a. saudara c. teman<br />b. lawan d. manusia<br />6.Salah satu contoh manusia sebagai makhluk ekonomi dibawah ini adalah...<br />a. Adi membantu ayahnya di kebun <br />b. Mirna bersama ibu pergi ke taman bunga<br />c. Dinda belajar menari<br />d. Andini menabungkan uangnya di bank <br />7.Ilmu yang mempelajari tingkah laku manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya guna mencapai kemakmuran dinamakan ilmu...<br />a. sosiologi c. ekonomi<br />b. geografi d. psikologi<br />8.Tiga ciri kecenderungan manusia sebagai makhluk ekonomi yaitu di bawah ini kecuali...<br />a.cenderung melakukan kegiatan untuk kepentingannya sendiri<br />b.cenderung melakukan tindakan yang tidak efektif dan boros<br />c.cenderung melakukan tindakan ekonomi secara efisien<br />d.cenderung memilih suatu kegiatan yang dapat mencapai tujuan yang diinginkannya.<br />9.Penebangan hutan secara liar, pengoplosan bahan bakar, korupsi dana anggaran, merupakan contoh manusia sebagai...<br />a. homo socius c. homo homini lupus<br />b. homo economicus d. homo homini socius <br />10.Kondisi yang ditimbulkan manusia yang bersikap sebagai homo homini lupus ialah...<br />a. ekonomis c. materialis<br />b. persaingan yang sehat d. bersikap hemat<br />11.Zoon politicon adalah konsep bahwa manusia berkeinginan untuk bermasyarakat, dicetuskan oleh...<br />a. Adam smith c. Aristoteles<br />b.Paul samuelson d. Socrates<br />12. Sebagai makhluk ekonomi dan makhluk sosial yang bermoral maka manusia selayaknya...<br />a.menghemat pengggunaan sumberdaya alam dan tidak memboroskannya demi kepentingan pribadi<br />b.melindungi para pencuri dari tindakan main hakim sendiri dan menyerahkannya pada polisi.<br />c.memastikan bahwa penggunaan dana dari pemerintah berlangsung lancar<br />d.memperbaiki jalan, tempat tempat ibadah serta sarana umum lainnya secara sukarela. <br />13. Objek dari ilmu ekonomi adalah:<br />a. pemerintah dalam membuat peraturan peraturan ekonomi<br />b. interaksi antar masyarakat<br />c. usaha manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya <br />d. tansaksi perdagangan<br />14.Manusia sebagai makhluk ekonomi selalu berpikir rasional maksudnya....<br />a. selalu berpikir terus menerus<br />b. berpikir dengan mempertimbangkan untung ruginya<br />c. berpikir setengah setengah dan penuh keraguan<br />d. berpikir matematis<br /> 15. Bergotong royong memperbaiki sarana untuk kepentingan umum merupakan sifat manusia sebagai makhluk...<br /> a. ekonomi c. sosial<br /> b. homo homini lupus d.homo fabel<br /> 16. Faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya adalah berikut ini kecuali...<br /> a. selera c. Intensitas kebutuhan<br /> b. pendapatan d. aktifitas sosial<br />17. Perbedaan kebutuhan dalam suatu acara pernikahan diberbagai daerah merupakan faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku manusia karena adanya perbedaan dalam .....<br /> a.lingkungan c. adat istiadat<br /> b. mode / trend d. keadaan alam<br /> 18. Kebutuhan manusia tidak terbatas karena....<br /> a. kepuasan manusia tidak terbatas c. manusia selalu ingin maju<br /> b. manusia mudah bosan dan serakah d. kepuasan manusia selalu tercukupi<br />19. Dampak positif dari manusia yang tidak puas dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya adalah...<br /> a. selalu boros dan tidak pernah menabung<br /> b. mementingkan diri sendiri dan tidak pernah peduli terhadap orang lain<br /> c. selalu memperkaya dirinya dengan berusaha mengambil keuntungan <br /> d. selalu bekerja keras dan berusaha semampunya<br />20. Buku “...the wealth of nations..”mengemukakan bahwa manusia adalah homo economicus merupakan karya....<br /> a. Adam smith c. Aristoteles<br /> b. Thomas R. Malthus d. Edwin Buffa<br /> <br />II. Isilah pertanyaan pertanyaan dibawah ini dengan singkat ! <br /><br />1. Apa yang dimaksud dengan homo economikus ?<br /> ....................................................................................................................................<br />2. Naluri manusia untuk hidup bersama dinamakan?<br />....................................................................................................................................<br />3. Apa nama buku yang dikarang oleh Adam smith?<br />....................................................................................................................................<br />4. Sebutkan sikap manusia sebagai makhluk ekonomi ?<br />....................................................................................................................................<br />5. Faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi perilaku manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya?<br />....................................................................................................................................<br /><br />III. Jodohkan istilah istilah berikut ini dengan pertanyaan di bawahnya<br /><br />a. Homo socius b. Homo economicus c. Gregariousness<br />d. Homo homini lupus e. Homo homini socius f. Egois/Individual<br />g. Ekstern h. Self interest i. Oikosnomos<br />j. Intern<br /><br />1. Asal kata dari Ekonomi ...........................................................................................<br />2. Manusia menjadi serigala bagi yang lainnya..........................................................<br />3. Naluri untuk saling berkumpul dan berinteraksi .....................................................<br />4. Selalu mementingkan diri sendiri.............................................................................<br />5. Selalu ingin memenuhi kebutuhan secara terus menerus......................................... <br />6. Kemajuan tekhnologi dan kebudayaan merupakan faktor.........................................<br />7. Manusia ingin bersama dengan makhluk sesamanya...............................................<br />8. Manusia yang selalu berpikir ekonomis/ rasional....................................................<br />9. Manusia sebagai makhluk sosial.............................................................................<br />10. Selera yang berbeda tiap orang merupakan faktor................................................<br /><br />IV. Essay<br /> Diskusikan pertanyaan pertanyaan di bawah ini dan jawablah secara berkelompok.<br />1.Apa makna serta peran manusia sebagai makhluk sosial dan makhluk ekonomi yang bermoral ?<br />2.Sebutkan ciri ciri / karakteristik manusia sebagai makhluk sosial dan sebagai makhluk ekonomi yang bermoral ?<br />3.Jelaskan faktor faktor intern dan ekstern yang mempengaruhi perilaku manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya?<br />4.Sikap sikap apa saja yang harus dikembangkan oleh manusia yang bersifat sosial dan ekonomis?<br />5.Tindakan apa saja yang harus dilakukan agar manusia tidak bersikap Homo homini lupus ?<br /><br /> </span>Rudie Suleman S.E.http://www.blogger.com/profile/07902617067835033717noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3115792291663219293.post-64868557957039700762008-08-24T21:55:00.000-07:002008-08-24T22:02:23.803-07:00Kelas 7Untuk kelas 7 mulai tgl 24 an mulai ulangan harian, so belajar yaa...<br /> apa yang harus di pelajari...?<br />1. Apa arti prasejarah dan sejarah<br />2. Sumber sumber sejarah<br />3. Pembabakan /masa/ zaman menurut geologi dan arkeologi.<br />4. Ilmu bantu dalam mempelajari sejarah<br />untuk ekonominya.....<br /><span class="fullpost"><br /><br />1. Apa maksud dari homo ekonomikus dan homo socialis/socil.<br />2. ciri ciri manusia sebagai homo ekonomikus dan homo socialis.<br />3. Apa maksud dari homo homini lupus.<br />4. dan materi laingnya yang berkaitan... oke, <br />so belajar terus dan cek terus ni blogger biar pengetahuannya bertambah.. dagggg<br /><br /> </span>Rudie Suleman S.E.http://www.blogger.com/profile/07902617067835033717noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3115792291663219293.post-33333506524705371062008-08-07T17:32:00.000-07:002008-08-24T21:55:02.225-07:00materi IPS Sejarah kelas VIIIPelajaran sejarah untuk kls VIII materi untuk semester 1 ini adalah:<br />1. Perkembangan kolonialisme bangsa barat pasca VOC<br />2. Perkembangan Agama Kristen di Indonesia<br />3. Munculnya nasionalisme Indonesia<br />4. Menumbuhkembangkan kesadaran nasional Indonesia<br />5. Perkembangan Organisasi pergerakan di Indonesia serta pembentukan identitas Nasional.<br />Demikian maka para siswa diperkenankan mempelajari lebih jauh tentang materi materi di atas.<br />Adapun materi yang sekarang di pelajari adalah:<br /><span class="fullpost"><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Perkembangan Pemerintah kolonial pasca VOC di Indonesia</span><br />Perkembangan setelah VOC bubar tahun 1799.<br />Kedatangan Herman Willem Daendels sebagai gubernur jenderal baru di Hindia Belanda.(1808-1811).<br />atas perintah Louis Napoleon adik dari Napoleon Bonaparte.<br />Kebijakannya yaitu:<br />1. Penyerahan pajak berupa hasil bumi ( contingenten)<br />2.Kewajiban menjual hasil pajak hanya pada pemerintah Belanda ( Verplichte Leverantie)<br />3. Kewajiban menanam kopi di priangan (Prianger Stelsel)<br />4. Membuat jalan dari anyer sampai panarukan<br />5. Membangun pangkalan armada laut di merak<br />6. Membangun pabrik senjata di Semarang.<br /><br />PenggantinyaJansens tidak dapat mempertahankan pemerintahan hindia belanda dari serangan Inggris, hingga terjadi perjanjian Tuntang / salatiga tgl 11 sept.1811.<br />maka Ingris mulai berkuasa di Hindia( Indonesia).<br />Lord Minto menunjuk Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles ( 1811-1813) menjadi gubernur jendral.<br />Raffles mengadakan aturan sewa atas tanah ( Landrette/ Landrent) dan menghapus semua kebijakan Daendels.<br />Raffles kegiatannya:<br />1. Menulis buku History of Java.<br />2.Menemukan Bunga Bangkai yang diberinama: Rafflesia Arnoldi<br />3. Memperindah Kebun raya Bogor<br />4. Menemukan / membersihkan Candi Candi yang sempat terbengkalai.<br /> Tahun 1814 Perjanjian / Konvensi London maka Inggris menyerahkan Hindia /Indonesia kepada Belanda.<br />Maka kembali pemerintahan Belanda di Indonesia :<br />1. Van der Capellen ( 1814-<br />2. Van Den Bosh dengan kebijakannya Tanam Paksa ( Cultuurstelsel) 1830<br /><br />Demikian secara singkat, kamu cari lagi informasi tambahannya Ok?!<br /><br />dan untuk ulangan atau latihannya adalah<br />1. Apa yang kamu ketahui tentang daendels dan kebijakan kebijakannya?<br />2. Apa yang kamu ketahui tentang raffles dan kebijakan kebijakanya ?<br />3. Apa manfaat yang dapat kamu ambil saat ini dari kedua tokoh tersebut?<br /><br /> </span>Rudie Suleman S.E.http://www.blogger.com/profile/07902617067835033717noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3115792291663219293.post-16207451987132201292008-07-25T01:01:00.000-07:002008-08-20T20:00:25.167-07:00prasejarah<span style="font-weight: bold;">welcome my new students...</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Here the subject that we are going to study</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Prasejarah<br /><br /><br /><br /></span></span></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.eljohn.net/direktori/kota/pariwisata/kawasan/museum/d000000000015436/4.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 200px;" src="http://www.eljohn.net/direktori/kota/pariwisata/kawasan/museum/d000000000015436/4.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a> Prasejarah atau nirleka (nir: tidak ada, leka: tulisan) adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk merujuk kepada masa di mana catatan sejarah yang tertulis belum tersedia. Zaman prasejarah dapat dikatakan bermula pada saat terbentuknya alam semesta, namun umumnya digunakan untuk mengacu kepada masa di mana terdapat kehidupan di muka Bumi; contohnya, dinosaurus biasanya disebut hewan prasejarah dan manusia gua disebut manusia prasejarah. Batas antara zaman prasejarah dengan zaman sejarah adalah mulai adanya tulisan. Hal ini menimbulkan suatu pengertian bahwa prasejarah adalah zaman sebelum ditemukannya tulisan, sedangkan sejarah adalah zaman setelah adanya tulisan. Berakhirnya zaman prasejarah atau dimulainya zaman sejarah untuk setiap bangsa di dunia tidak sama tergantung dari peradaban bangsa tersebut.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Video Keruntuhan Teori Evolusi<br /></span><br /><object classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=9,0,28,0" width="320" height="280"><br /> <param name="movie" value="http://www.harunyahya.tv/player/flv_player.swf?movieName=1169&sId=29702"><br /> <param name="quality" value="high"><br /> <embed src="http://www.harunyahya.tv/player/flv_player.swf?movieName=1169&sId=29702" quality="high" pluginspage="http://www.adobe.com/shockwave/download/download.cgi?P1_Prod_Version=ShockwaveFlash" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="320" height="280"></embed><br /> </object><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div><br /><span class="fullpost">Salah satu contoh yaitu bangsa Mesir sekitar tahun 4000 SM masyarakatnya sudah mengenal tulisan, sehingga pada saat itu, bangsa Mesir sudah memasuki zaman sejarah. Zaman prasejarah di Indonesia diperkirakan berakhir pada masa berdirinya Kerajaan Kutai, sekitar abad ke-5; dibuktikan dengan adanya prasasti yang berbentuk yupa yang ditemukan di tepi Sungai Mahakam, Kalimantan Timur. Karena tidak terdapat peninggalan catatan tertulis dari zaman prasejarah, keterangan mengenai zaman ini diperoleh melalui bidang-bidang seperti paleontologi, astronomi, biologi, geologi, antropologi, arkeologi. Periodisasi Geologi Berdasarkan geologi, terjadinya bumi sampai sekarang dibagi ke dalam empat zaman.<br /><br />Zaman-zaman tersebut merupakan periodisasi atau pembabakan prasejarah yang terdiri dari: Arkeum Zaman ini berlangsung kira-kira 2500 juta tahun, pada saat itu kulit bumi masih panas, sehingga tidak ada kehidupan. Paleozoikum Paleozoikum atau sering pula disebut sebagai zaman primer atau zaman hidup tua berlangsung selama 340 juta tahun. Makhluk hidup yang muncul pada zaman ini seperti mikro organisme, ikan, ampibi, reptil dan binatang yang tidak bertulang punggung. Mesozoikum Mesozoikum atau sering pula disebut sebagai zaman sekunder atau zaman hidup pertengahan berlangsung selama kira-kira 140 juta tahun, antara 251 hingga 65 juta tahun yang lalu. Pada zaman pertengahan ini, reptil berkembang dan menyebar ke seluruh dunia sehingga pada zaman ini sering pula disebut sebagai zaman reptil. Neozoikum Neozoikum atau zaman hidup pertengahan dibagi menjadi menjadi dua zaman, yaitu zaman Tersier dan zaman Kuartier. Zaman Tersier berlangsung sekitar 60 juta tahun. Zaman ini ditandai dengan berkembangnya jenis binatang menyusui.<br /><br />Sementara itu, Zaman Kuartier ditandai dengan munculnya manusia sehingga merupakan zaman terpenting. Zaman ini kemudian dibagi lagi menjadi dua zaman, yaitu zaman Pleitosen dan Holosin. Zaman Pleitosen (Dilluvium) berlangsung kira-kira 600.000 tahun yang ditandai dengan adanya manusia purba. Zaman pleistosen ditandai dengan meluasnya lapisan es di kedua kutub Bumi (zaman glacial) dan diseling dengan zaman ketika es kembali mencair (zaman interglacial). Keadaan ini silih berganti selama zaman pleistosin sampai empat kali. Di daerah tropika zaman glacial ini berupa zaman hujan (zaman pluvial) yang diseling dengan zaman kering (interpluvial).<br /><br />Pada zaman glacial permukaan air laut telah menurun dengan drastis sehingga hanyak dasar laut yang kering menjadi daratan. Di Indonesia bagian barat dasar laut yang mengering itu disebut Dataran Sunda, sedangkan di Indonesia bagian timur disebut Dataran Sahul. Dataran Sunda telah menyebabkan kepulauan Indonesia bagian barat menjadi satu dengan Benua Asia, sedangkan Dataran Sahul telah pula menghubungkan kepulauan Indonesia bagian timur dengan Benua Australia. Itulah sebabnya fauna dan flora Indonesia barat mirip dengan fauna dan flora Asia dan sebaliknya fauna dan flora Indonesia timur mirip dengan Australia.<br /><br />Manusia yang hidup zaman pleistosin adalah spesies homo erectus, yang menjadi pendukung kebudayaan batu tua (Palaeolithicum). Zaman pleistosin berakhir 10.000 tahun Sebelum Masehi kemudian diikuti oleh datangnya zaman Alluvium atau zaman Holosin yang masih berlangsung sampai sekarang. Dari zaman ini muncullah nenek moyang manusia sekarang, yaitu spesies homo sapiens atau makhluk cerdas. Arkeologi Zaman Batu Zaman Batu terjadi sebelum logam dikenal dan alat-alat kebudayaan terutama dibuat dari batu di samping kayu dan tulang. Zaman batu ini dapat dibagi lagi atas: Zaman batu tua (Paleolitikum) Zaman batu tua (palaeolitikum), Disebut demikian sebab alat-alat batu buatan manusia masih dikerjakan secara kasar, tidak diasah atau dipolis. Apabila dilihat dari sudut mata pencariannya periode ini disebut masa berburu dan meramu makanan tingkat sederhana. Pendukung kebudayaan ini adalah Homo Erectus yang terdiri. Zaman batu tengah (mesolitikum) Pada Zaman batu tengah (mesolitikum), alat-alat batu zaman ini sebagian sudah dihaluskan terutama bagian yang dipergunakan. Tembikar juga sudah dikenal. Periode ini juga disebut masa berburu dan meramu makanan tingkat lanjut.<br /><br />Pendukung kebudayaan ini adalah homo sapiens (manusia sekarang), yaitu ras Austromelanosoide (mayoritas) dan Mongoloide (minoritas). Zaman batu baru (Neolitikum) Alat-alat batu buatan manusia Zaman batu baru (Neolithicum) sudah diasah atau dipolis sehingga halus dan indah. Di samping tembikar tenun dan batik juga sudah dikenal. Periode ini disebut masa bercocok tanam. Pendukung kebudayaan ini adalah homo sapiens dengan ras Mongoloide (mayoritas) dan ras Austromelanosoide (minoritas). Zaman Logam Pada zaman Logam orang sudah dapat membuat alat-alat dari logam di samping alat-alat dari batu. Orang sudah mengenal teknik melebur logam, mencetaknya menjadi alat-alat yang diinginkannya.<br /><br />Teknik pembuatan alat logam ada dua macam, yaitu dengan cetakan batu yang disebut bivalve dan dengan cetakan tanah liat dan lilin yang disebut acire perdue. Periode ini juga disebut masa perundagian karena dalam masyarakat timbul golongan undagi yang terampil melakukan pekerjaan tangan. Zaman logam ini dibagi atas: Zaman tembaga Orang menggunakan tembaga sebagai alat kebudayaan. Alat kebudayaan ini hanya dikenal di beberapa bagian dunia saja. Di Asia Tenggara (termasuk Indonesia) tidak dikenal istilah zaman tembaga. Zaman perunggu Pada zaman ini orang sudah dapat mencampur tembaga dengan timah dengan perbandingan 3 : 10 sehingga diperoleh logam yang lebih keras. Zaman besi Pada zaman ini orang sudah dapat melebur besi dari bijinya untuk dituang menjadi alat-alat yang diperlukan. Teknik peleburan besi lebih sulit dari teknik peleburan tembaga maupun perunggu sebab melebur besi membutuhkan panas yang sangat tinggi, yaitu ±3500°C.<br /><br />Zaman logam di Indonesia didominasi oleh alat-alat dari perunggu sehingga zaman logam juga disebut zaman perunggu. Alat-alat besi yang ditemukan pada zaman logam jumlahnya sedikit dan bentuknya seperti alat-alat perunggu, sebab kebanyakan alat-alat besi, ditemukan pada zaman sejarah. Antara zaman neolithicum dan zaman logam telah berkembang kebudayaan megalithicum, yaitu kebudayaan yang mengunakan media batu-batu besar sebagai alatnya, bahkan puncak kebudayaan megalithicum justru pada zaman logam. Diperolehi daripada "<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumber_sejarah">http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumber_sejarah</a>"<br /></span>Rudie Suleman S.E.http://www.blogger.com/profile/07902617067835033717noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3115792291663219293.post-62808984342233690152008-03-24T22:04:00.000-07:002008-08-20T20:05:48.712-07:00ulangan harian 1Soal Ulangan Harian I<br /><br />Pilihlah jawaban yang tepat dengan memberi tanda X pada jawaban a,b,c atau d.<br /><br /> 1. Gambaran konvensional dari permukaan bumi yang dilukis dengan skala dan digambar pada bidang datar disebut;<br /><br />a. Atlas b. Peta c. Globe d. Model bumi<br /><br /> 2. Secara astronomis letak Indonesia berada pada…<br /><br />a. 6° LU - 11° LS dan 95° BT - 141° BT<br /><br />b. 95° LU - 141° BT dan 6° BT - 11° BT<br /><br />c. 6° LU - 95° LS dan 11° BT - 141° BT<br /><br />d. 6° LS - 11° LU dan 95° BT - 141° BT<br /><br /> 3. Akibat letak astronomis maka Indonesia beriklim<br /><br />a. Dingin / Kutub b. Sedang dengan 4 musim<br /><br />c. Sub tropis dengan 2 musim d. Tropis dengan 2 musim<br /><br /> 4. Indonesia terbagi menjadi 3 daerah waktu, hal ini karena pengaruh panjang….<br /><br />a. Garis lintang b. Garis bujur<br /><br />c. Garis astronomis d. Garis balik<br /><br /> 5. Ketika Matahari ada pada Tropic of cancer (garis balik utara), maka di Indonesia mengalami musim:<br /><br />a. Hujan b. Kemarau c. Pancaroba d. Peralihan<br /><span class="fullpost"><br /><br /> 6. Jika suatu peta diperbesar 2x dan skala peta tersebut 1:500.000 maka akan terjadi perubahan pada peta dan skala tersebut yaitu :<br /><br />a. Skala menjadi 1:1000.000 dan peta semakin besar 2x<br /><br />b. Skala menjadi 1:250.000 dan peta semakin kecil 2x<br /><br />c. Skala menjadi 1:1000.000 dan peta semakin kecil 2x<br /><br />d. Skala menjadi 1:250.000 dan peta semakin besar 2x<br /><br /> 7. Peta penyebaran populasi hewan adalah merupakan jenis peta…<br /><br />a. Khorografi b. Kontur c. Tematik d. umum<br /><br /> 8. Kebudayaan hindu berasal dari india yang merupakan perkembangan dari kebudayaan bangsa : <br /><br />a. Hinduisme b. Aria-dravida c. Budha d. weda<br /><br /> 9. Sidharta gautama menuliskan segala ajarannya dalam sebuah kitab yang diberi nama:<br /><br />a. Weda b. Tripitaka c. Pararaton d. Theravada<br /><br /> 10. Adanya kebudayaan Hindu di Indonesia terbukti dengan adanya:<br /><br />a. Ditemukannya patung budha di sempaga<br /><br />b. Ditemukannya prasasti kedukan bukit di sumatra<br /><br />c. Ditemukannya prasasti yupa di kalimantan timur<br /><br />d. Ditemukannya kuburan orang orang hindu jaman dulu<br /><br /> 11. Teori yang menyatakan kedatangan agama hindu ke Indonesia di bawa oleh para pedagang di sebut teori…..<br /><br />a. Brahmana b. Ksatria c. Waisya d. Sudra<br /><br /> 12. Kerajaan Sriwijaya mencapai puncaknya ketika di pimpin oleh raja yang bernama:<br /><br />a. Darmakirti b. Purnawarman<br /><br />c. Mulawarman d. Balaputra dewa<br /><br /> 13. Pada kerajaan Mataram ada beberapa dinasti/ wangsa atau keturunan. Wangsa yang mendirikan candi Borobudur adalah…<br /><br />a. Wangsa Sanjaya b. Wangsa Isyana<br /><br />c. Wangsa Syilendra d. Wangsa Sansekerta<br /><br /> 14. Alasan didirikannya candi candi di jawa adalah…Kecuali.<br /><br />a. Untuk tempat dikuburnya para raja<br /><br />b. Untuk tempat memuja para dewa<br /><br />c. Untuk tempat wisata para raja<br /><br />d. Untuk tempat /sebagai bukti adanya para raja berkuasa.<br /><br /> 15. Menghabiskan nilai guna suatu barang di namakan:<br /><br />a. Konsumsi b. Konsumerisme<br /><br />c. Konsumtif d. Konsumen<br /><br />16. Untuk memaksimalkan kepuasan dan gaya hidup hemat, konsumen dalam mengkonsumsi barang / jasa harus mempunyai.<br /><br />a. Uang yang banyak b. Skala prioritas<br /><br />c. Daftar belanja d. Tabungan<br /><br />17. Jika harga barang naik sedangkan pendapatan tetap maka tingkat konsumsi terhadap barang yang harganya naik tersebut akan ….<br /><br />a. tetap b. naik c. turun d. a,b,c salah semua<br /><br />18. Aspek negatif dari perilaku konsumtif adalah<br /><br />a. sering belanja keperluan sehari hari<br /><br />b. terlalu banyak mempunyai uang<br /><br />c. selalu membeli barang yang berkualitas baik<br /><br />d. gaya hidup boros, berfoya foya, membeli barang yang tidak berguna.<br /><br />19. Konsumen bersikap dan bertindak rasional apabila…<br /><br />a. Mengkonsumsi barang yang berkualitas baik dengan harga murah<br /><br />b. Mengkonsumsi barang yang harganya mahal dan mempunyai merk terkenal.<br /><br />c. Mengkonsumsi barang untuk sekedar di puji orang lain<br /><br />d. Mengkonsumsi barang agar mendapatkan kepuasan yang maksimal.<br /><br />20. Didalam melaksanakan konsumsi, orang harus memanfaatkan…<br /><br />a. Wujud barang b. Jumlah barang<br /><br />c. Macam barang d. Kegunaan barang<br /><br />Essay.<br /><br />Jawablah pertanyaan- pertanyaan berikut ini;<br /><br /> 1. Sebutkan syarat syarat peta (minimal 5 syarat ) dan jelaskan salah satunya!<br /> 2. Sebutkan raja raja beserta kerajaan kerajaannya yang ada di Indonesia yang kamu ketahui. ( minimal 5 kerajaan ).!<br /> 3. Sebutkan faktor faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat konsumsi (minimal 3 faktor)!<br /><br /><br /> </span>Rudie Suleman S.E.http://www.blogger.com/profile/07902617067835033717noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3115792291663219293.post-35420687476637611722008-02-18T20:53:00.000-08:002008-02-18T20:53:53.968-08:00kerajaan di jawa - Google Search<a href="http://www.google.com/search?q=kerajaan+di+jawa&sourceid=navclient-ff&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1B3GGGL_enID241ID241">kerajaan di jawa - Google Search</a>Rudie Suleman S.E.http://www.blogger.com/profile/07902617067835033717noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3115792291663219293.post-67894747912720757772008-02-13T18:47:00.000-08:002008-08-27T21:47:02.256-07:00Raja-Raja di pulau JawaRaja- Raja di Jawa Barat<br />Jarang sekali dalam pelajaran sejarah SMP maupun SMA yang menceritakan silsilah raja raja di jawa barat karena bukti bukti silsilah tersebut sudah tidak dapat diketahui lagi atau data tentang hal tersebut terbatas. Maka Bapak sebagai warga jawa barat /Sunda wajib memberitahukan pada semua orang yang ingin mengetahui silsilah raja raja terutama kita sebagai warga yang tinggal di jawa barat. Data ini diperoleh dari majalah mangle’ tahun 1977 dan sumber sumber lainnya.<br />I. Kerajaan Salakanagara ibukotanya di Salakapura /Pandeglang.<br />Raja-rajanya :<br />1. Dewawarman 130-168 M<br />2. Digwijaya Kalasa Dewawarman 168-195<br />3. Singa Sagara 195-238<br />4. Tirtalengkara 238-252<br />5. Mahisa Suramardhini 252-289<br />6. Ganaya Dewalinggabhumi 289-308<br />7. Bhima Digwijaya Satyaganapati 308-340<br />8. Rani Spatikarnawawarmandewi 340-362<br /><br />II. Kerajaan Tarumanagara ibukotanya Sundapura/Bekasi.<br />Raja-rajanya:<br /><br /><br /><span class="fullpost"><br />1. Jaya Singawarman (menantu Rani Spatika…) 358-382 M<br />2. Dharmayanawarman 382-395<br />3. Purnawarman 395-434<br />4. Wisnuwarman 434-455<br />5. Indrawarman 455-515<br />6. Chandrawarman 515-535<br />7. Suryawarman 535-561<br />8. Kertawarman 561-628<br />9. Sudhawarman 628-639<br />10. Hariwangsawarman 639-640<br />11. Nagajayawarman 640-666<br />12. Linggawarman 666-669<br />Tahun 670 M Tarumanagara menjadi 2 kerajaan :1, gabung dengan kerajaan Galuh/ Kendan. 2, menjadi kerajaan Pakuan Pajajaran /kerajaan sunda<br /><br />III. Kerajaan Kendan<br />1. Resigurumanikmaya (menantu Suryawarman) 526-568 M di Kendan<br />2. Rajaputra Suralimansakti 568-597<br />3. Kandiawan Rajaresidewaraja 597-602 di Medang jati<br />4. Wrektikandayun ( Raja Galuh 1 ) 602-702 di Galuh <br />5. Mandiminyak 702-709<br />6. Bratasenawa ( Raja Senna ?) 709-716<br />7. Purbasora 716-723<br />8. Sanjaya Kharisdharma ( Raja Galuh 2) 723-732<br />Oleh Sanjaya kerajaan Pakuan Pajajaran /Kerajaan Sunda dan kerajaan Galuh disatukan, tahun 732 Sanjaya meneruskan kerajaan di mataram jawa tengah. Dan kerajaan sunda di lanjutkan oleh Tamperan (Rakeyan) Barmawijaya. Tahun 739 kerajaan Sunda /Pakuan Pajajaran memisahkan diri dengan Galuh <br />IV. Kerajaan Galuh /Jawa Pawaton ( Galuh-Cirebon-Banyumas)<br />Raja-rajanya :<br />1. Manarah (Ciung Wanara) 739-783 M<br />2. Manisridharmasakti (menantu Manarah) 783-799<br />3. Tariwulan Prabu Kertayasa 799-806<br />4. Welengan Prabu Brajanagara 806-813<br />Ditahun tahun terakhir inilah kerajaan Galuh digabungkan menjadi kerajaan Pakuan Pajajaran. Adapun kerajaan Pakuan Pajajaran berpindah pindah antara Bogor-kawali-galuh.<br />V. Kerajaan Sunda Pakuan Pajajaran / Galuh Pakuan<br />Raja-rajanya:<br />1. Maharaja Tarusbawa (menantu Linggawarman) 669-723 M<br />2. Sanjaya Kharisdharma 723-732 di Pakuan<br />3. Rakeyan Tamperan Barmawijaya (K) 732-739 di Galuh<br />4. Rakeyan Banga (Raja Sunda) 739-766<br />5. Rakeyan Medang Prabu Hulukujang 766-783<br />6. Prabu Gilingwesi (menantu Rakeyan medang..) 783-795<br />7. Pucuk Bhumidameswara (menantu P.Giling..) 795-819<br />8. Prabu Gajahkulon 819-891<br />9. Prabu Darmaraksabuana (adik P.Gajah k..)(B) 891-895<br />10. Windusakti Prabu Dewageng 895-913<br />11. Rakeyan Kamuninggading Prabu Pucukwesi (K) 913-916<br />12. Rakeyan Jayagiri Prabu Wanayasa (menantu no 11) 916-942 (B)<br />13. Prabu Resi Atmayardharma Hariwangsa (K) 942-954<br />14. Limbur kancana (anak no11) 954-964<br />15. Sundasambawa Mundingganawirya (K) 964-973<br />16. Prabu Jayagiri Walunggading 973-989<br />17. Prabu Brajawisesa 989-1012<br />18. Prabu Dewa Sanghyang 1012-1019<br />19. Prabu Sanghyang Ageng 1019-1030<br />20. Detyamaharaja Sri Jayabhupati 1030-1042 situsnya ada di Sukabumi.<br />21. Prabu Dharmaraja 1042-1065<br />22. Prabu Langlangbhumi 1065-1142<br />23. Rakeyan Jayagiri Prabu Menakluhur 1142-1157<br />24. Prabu Dharmakusuma 1157-1175<br />25. Prabu Guru Darmasiksa (kakeknya R. Wijaya) 1175-1297 <br />26. Rakeyan Saunggaluh Prabu Ragasuci 1297-1303 di Kuningan<br />27. Prabu Citraganda 1303-1311<br />28. Prabu Linggadewata 1311-1333<br />29. Prabu Ajiguna Linggawisesa (menantu no28 ) 1333-1340 di Kawali<br />30. Prabu Ragamulya Sang Akikolot 1340-1350<br />31. Prabu Linggabuana 1350-1357 ( raja inilah yang meninggal di Bubat, ketika perang dengan Gajah Mada) <br />32. Bumisora Suradipati 1357-1371<br />33. Prabu Niskala Wastukancana 1371-1475 (kerajaan di bagi 2 )<br />34. a. Prabu Hariwangsa Sang Susuktungal 1382-1482 (di Bogor)<br />b. Dewa Niskala (adik no 34a) 1475-1482 (di Galuh)<br />35. Sri Baduga Maharaja (anak No 34b) 1482-1521 (diangkat jadi raja menjadi tahun lahirnya kota Bogor.karena mulai jadi ibukota kerajaan)<br />36. Prabu Surawisesa Gurugantangan 1521-1535<br />37. Ratu Dewatabuwana 1535-1543<br />38. Ratu Sakti Sangmargabatan 1543-1551<br />39. Prabu Nilakendra 1551-1567<br />40. Prabu Ragamulya Suryakancana 1567-1569<br />Tahun 1569 kerajaan Pajajaran mendapat serangan dari kerajaan Banten dan berakhirlah masa raja raja di jawa barat.<br />Adapun untuk keterangan (K) = di kudeta, (B) = di bunuh<br /><br />Raja Raja Di Jawa Tengah Dan Jawa Timur<br />I. Kerajaan Mataram Kuno<br />Raja Rajanya:<br />1. Rakay/ Rakeyan Mataram Sang Ratu Sanjaya 732-746.M<br />2. Rakay Panangkaran Dyah Sanghara 746-784<br />3. Rakay Panunggalan /Panaraban 784-803<br />4. Rakay Warak Dyahmanara 803-827<br />5. Dyahgula 827-828<br />6. Rakay Garung 828-847<br />7. Rakay Pikatan Dyahsaladu 847-855<br />8. Rakay Kayuwangi Dyahlokapala 855-884<br />9. Dyah Tagwas 884-885<br />10. Rakay Panumbangan Dyahdewandra 885-886<br />11. Rakay Gurunwangi Dyahbadra 886-887<br />12. Rakay Wungkal Humalang Dyahjbang 887-898<br />13. Srimaharaja Rakay Watukura Dyahbalitung 898-910<br />14. Daksa 910-919<br />15. Tulodong 919-921<br />16. Wawa 921-927<br />17. Mpu Sindok (menantu raja Wawa ) 928-949 di jawa Timur <br />18. ……wangsa Isyana….<br />19. Raja Dharmawangsa 991-1016<br />20. Airlangga 1016-1049<br />Masa Airlangga dibagi menjadi 2 kerajaan yaitu: kerajaan Jenggala /Kahuripan dengan rajanya Panji Garasakan dan Panjalu/ Kediri dengan rajanya Samarawijaya. (dibagi 2 dengan maksud supaya tidak terjadi perang saudara perebutan wilayah, tapi ternyata…terjadi perang saudara dan yang terus berdiri adalah Kediri.)<br />Sejak masa Sanjaya pun ada 2 dinasti / keturunan /wangsa yang disebut:<br />Wangsa Sanjaya (seperti nama raja raja di atas) dan wangsa Syilendra, yaitu dengan raja rajanya:<br />1. Raja Bhanu<br />2. Raja Visnu<br />3. Raja Indra<br />4. Raja Samaratungga<br />5. Raja Pramodyawardani yang menikah dengan R.Pikatan dyah saladu<br />6. Balaputra dewa (yang kemudian terkenal di Sriwijaya ) <br />II. Kerajaan Kediri<br />Raja-rajanya:<br />1. Bameswara 1117-1130 M<br />2. Jayabaya 1130-1160<br />3. Sarweswara 1160-1169<br />4. Aryaswara 1169-1171<br />5. Gandara 1171-1182<br />6. Kameswara 1182-1185<br />7. ………….? 1185-1190<br />8. Kertajaya 1190-1222 dibunuh oleh Ken Arok yang kemudian mendirikan Kerajaan Singhasari.<br /><br />III. Kerajaan Singhasari<br />Raja-rajanya:<br />1. Srirajasa Sang Amurwabhumi / Ken Arok 1222-1227 M<br />2. Anusapati 1227-1248<br />3. Mapanji Tohjaya 1248-1248<br />4. Ranggawuni /Wisnuwardhana 1248-1254<br />5. Kertanegara 1254-1292<br />IV. Kerajaan Majapahit<br />Raja-rajanya:<br />1. Raden Wijaya /SriKertarajasa Jayawardhana 1293-1309 M<br />2. Jayanegara /Kalagemet 1309-1328<br />3. Tribuwanatunggadewi Jayawisnuwardhani 1328-1350<br />4. Hayam Wuruk 1350-1389<br />5. Kusumawardhani 1389-1429 perang Paregreg<br />6. Dewi Suhita 1429-1447<br />7. Bhre Tumapel 1447-1451<br />8. Bhre Kahuripan 1451-1453<br />9. Purwawisesa 1457-1467<br />10. Pandansalas 1467-1478<br />11. Giriwardhana Dyahranawijaya 1478-1486.<br />Dengan berakhirnya kerajaan Majapahit, maka berakhirlah masa –masa kerajaan Hindu -Budha di jawa.<br /><br /><br /> </span>Rudie Suleman S.E.http://www.blogger.com/profile/07902617067835033717noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3115792291663219293.post-51818012829928542502008-01-29T20:53:00.000-08:002008-12-09T07:10:16.509-08:00Sejarah Hindu BudhaA. Hindu<br />Sejarah Agama Hindu diawali dari kedatangan bangsa Arya dari Asia tengah (iran/persia/afganistan) pada tahun 1500 S.M. ke daerah lembah sungai Indus dan mendesak penduduk asli yaitu suku Dravida. Bangsa /suku Arya <a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp6jpC0PVlcNEcmrzJBVorKJyz-3hRavRWw4vYX3fZX6QpqtBm4WjVfIR4V9lIMw_gxeXTXmLMjqL4SuwLcOMvk76WpGIgixhfBv-_sUQVP9PJGjucswp6VaqbXhV8rYC5SSjv3ZwQv8Ha/s1600-h/Prambanan.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp6jpC0PVlcNEcmrzJBVorKJyz-3hRavRWw4vYX3fZX6QpqtBm4WjVfIR4V9lIMw_gxeXTXmLMjqL4SuwLcOMvk76WpGIgixhfBv-_sUQVP9PJGjucswp6VaqbXhV8rYC5SSjv3ZwQv8Ha/s200/Prambanan.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5161178140166500802" border="0" /></a>bergerak terus dan menyebar kearah tenggara dan memasuki daerah sungai Gangga dan Yamuna.di daerah tersebut terjadilah asimilasi budaya yang akhirnya melahirkan kebudayaan Hindu/ sindu.<br />Kata Hindu berasal dari kata Sindu/ Sind. Dimana kebudayaan Arya dan Dravida telah menyatu, dilafalkan dalam bahasa persia sebagai Hindi, dan Orang latin / yunani menamainya Indi/ India.<br />Kepercayaan bangsa /suku Hindi/ hindu adalah Polytheisme (menyembah banyak Tuhan/ dewa). Namun pada dasarnya mereka menyembah 3 dewa utama yang disebut Trimurti, yaitu : Brahmana (pencipta alam semesta), Wisnu (pemelihara alam), dan Syiwa (menguasai kematian ,kehancuran dan peleburan).<br />Kitab yang dibuat oleh para resi (Mahaguru) bangsa Hindu dinamakan Weda/Veda. Yang terdiri dari Reg weda, Samaweda, Yay(j)urweda, Atharweda. Yang intinya berupa syair syair atau doa-doa serta pujian pada sanghyang widi.<br />Inti ajarannya yaitu bahwa manusia dalam keadaan samsara sebagai akibat perbuatan pada masa lalunya. Manusia harus ber-reinkarnasi untuk memperbaiki hidup dan mencapai Moksa dan masuk nirwana.<br />Kehidupan masyarakatnya menganut 5 bagian kasta yaitu:<br />1. Brahmana : Para pemimpin agama/ biksu<br />2. Ksatria : Para raja dan bangsawan<br />3. Waisya : Para pengusaha /pedagang<br />4. Sudra : Para petani dan pekerja kasar<br />5. Paria :Gelandangan, pengemis dsb.(orang orang yang hina)<br /><br /><br /><br />B.Buddha<br />Lahirnya Budha adalah hasil perenungan Sidharta Gautama yang kemudian dikenal sebagai Sang Bu<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7WyfEjV1nALFiwXsVWk6fbGZ8Ww4vuG1vN5JQxWAIeyC1JZUZzXQUQP7Q9swr8lNsHKxmMRP_ozJWf1LXSGydAjvehXM1cJYsJ1vF8s2ZumDcQobRftjI-W9ukBkju5g7b2zGijqfYQGi/s1600-h/budha.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7WyfEjV1nALFiwXsVWk6fbGZ8Ww4vuG1vN5JQxWAIeyC1JZUZzXQUQP7Q9swr8lNsHKxmMRP_ozJWf1LXSGydAjvehXM1cJYsJ1vF8s2ZumDcQobRftjI-W9ukBkju5g7b2zGijqfYQGi/s200/budha.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5161179810908778962" border="0" /></a>dha. Lahir 563 S.M. dari Raja Sudhodana kerajaan Kosalla di Kapilawastu. Tahun 531 Sidharta Gautama mendapatkan pencerahan dari hasil perenungan dan pengalamannya.(yang akhirnya dinamakan sang Buddha /Orang yang tercerahkan).<br />Ajaranya dinamakan Trsna (menindas nafsu) dengan cara 8 jalan (astavidha)dan Triratna. Kitab sucinya: Tripitaka, yang terdiri dari<br />- Winayapitaka<br />- Sutrantapitaka<br />- Abdidarmapitaka.<br /><br />Agama budha mencapai puncaknya pada masa kekuasaan raja Ashoka (273- 232 s.m.)<br />Dalam perkembangannya budha menjadi 2 aliran yaitu :<br />a. Mahayana (kendaraan besar) : harus memikirkan orang lain / bersikap terbuka.<br />b. Hinayana (kendaraan kecil) :pentingnya diri sendiri untuk mencapai nirwana /bersikap tertutup.Rudie Suleman S.E.http://www.blogger.com/profile/07902617067835033717noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3115792291663219293.post-12345217733536589042008-01-25T21:14:00.000-08:002008-01-25T21:17:05.887-08:00earth<object width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/VjgidAICoQI&rel=1"></param><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/VjgidAICoQI&rel=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="355"></embed></object>Rudie Suleman S.E.http://www.blogger.com/profile/07902617067835033717noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3115792291663219293.post-38280304181199016502008-01-22T18:46:00.000-08:002008-01-22T18:50:37.151-08:00Peta, atlas dan globe<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style=""> </span>Seperti pertemuan 1 di blogspot ini, materi yang disampaikan di sini adalah untuk para siswa pelajar SMP terutama SMP N 1 bogor, baik untuk SBI, Billingual Class maupun siswa reguler. Pertemuan 1 sengaja Bapa download dari Internet untuk memudahkan kalian (para Siswa) dalam mencari bahan tentang IPS / social science, sebagai bahan tambahan pengetahuan. Dibawah ini pun merupakan ringkasan yang diajarkan di kelas. Untuk lebih jelasnya /panjang lebar, kalian boleh membaca buku referensi yang lain dan tentunya jangan lupa terus masuk sekolah dan hadiri kelas bapa, Terima kasih dan selamat belajar.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b>BAB I<o:p></o:p></b></p> <h1>PETA, ATLAS DAN GLOBE</h1> <p class="MsoNormal"><u>Pengertian Peta.<o:p></o:p></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>Ada banyak pengertian peta namun pada intinya<span style=""> </span>pengertiannya adalah:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Peta</b> adalah suatu gambaran sebagian atau seluruh wilayah permukaan bumi dengan berbagai fenomena kenampakannya pada suatu bidang datar yang diperkecil menggunakan skala tertentu.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Peta menurut International Cartografhic Association</b> adalah: Gambaran unsur unsur permukaan bumi atau ang adakaitannya dengan permukaan bumi maupun benda benda angkasa.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Peta </b>: Gambaran kenampakan muka bumi pada bidang datar dengan menggunakan skala.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>(dan banyak lagi pengertian tentang peta,)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Ilmu yang mempelajari peta adalah Kartografi</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Jenis jenis peta:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr">Peta umum : </span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent">-<span style=""> </span>peta dunia : peta yang menggambarkan bentuk dan letak wilayah setiap negara di dunia </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr">peta korografi : Peta yang menggambarkan seluruh atau sebagian permukaan bumi yang bercorak umum dan berskala kecil.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr">peta topografi<span style=""> </span>: Peta yang menggambarkan permukaan bumi dan reliefnya / ketinggian tempat.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr">Peta Khusus:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr">Peta Kadaster : peta yang berskala 1:5.000 -1:100<span style=""> </span>co. peta desa</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr">Peta Skala besar : 1:250.000 -<></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr">Peta Skala menengah : 1:500.000 -<></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr">Peta Skala kecil : 1:1000.000 - <></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Bentuk peta : Peta datar, peta relief, peta digital</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Komponen / unsur peta:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr">Judul peta</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr">Skala peta ( skala garis, skala angka, skala verbal)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr">Tanda orientasi : Inset, garis astronomis (grid peta : garis lintang dan garis bujur)<span style=""> </span>sumber pembuatan peta, legenda ( simbol garis, simbol titik, wilayah, warna.)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Manfaat peta: </p> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Mengetahui jarak 1 tempat ke tempat lain</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Mengetahui arah suatu tempat</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Dapat menjelaskan kondisi suatu lingkungan</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Memperoleh data data yang dibutuhkan pengguna</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Kemungkinan usaha dilakukan di suatu tempat. </li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Atlas </b>: kumpulan dari beberapa peta/ kumpulan peta yang dibukukan.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Jenis jenis atlas : Atlas nasional, regional dan atlas dunia.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Komponen atlas: Judul, daftar isi, memuat unsur unsur kelengkapan suatu peta ( skala, tanda orientasi/ legenda dst), tata warna yang baku, memiliki indeks.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Globe</b> : Tiruan bola bumi dalam bentuk kecil dengan wujud 3 dimensi, mempunyai kemiringan 66,5<span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">°</span></span>. terhadap bidang datar ekliptika ( bidang datar bumi).</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Manfaat Globe</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">1. Untuk mengetahui letak astronomis</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">2.Untuk mengetahui gerak rotasi bumi</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">3.Untuk memperagakan gerhana bulan dan matahari</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">4.Untuk menjelaskan perbedaaan waktu<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p>5.Untuk mengetahui luas wilayah </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Catatan tambahan ;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Jari jari bumi di equator : 6.378 km.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Jari jari bumi dikutub<span style=""> </span>: 6.357 km</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Keliling equator<span style=""> </span>: 24.900 mil</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Keliling meridian<span style=""> </span>: 24.860 mil</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Garis Bujur = garis meridian = longitude : dimulai dari 0 <span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">°</span></span> ditetapkan di kota Greenwich (Inggris ) dan 180<span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">°</span></span> dilautan pasifik. Garis ini digunakan untuk menghitung perbedaan waktu tiap wilayah.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Garis Lintang = garis pararel = Latitude : dimulai dari 0<span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">°</span></span> di khatulistiwa (equator)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Sampai dengan 90<span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">°</span></span> di Kutub.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">1<span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">°</span></span> = 4 menit =111 km</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Bumi berputar 360<span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">°</span></span> = 24 jam = sehari semalam.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Perputaran bumi dinamakan Rotasi</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Perputaran bumi pada Matahari dinamakan Revolusi.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style=""> </span>ooo00000000ooo</p>Rudie Suleman S.E.http://www.blogger.com/profile/07902617067835033717noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3115792291663219293.post-59313147205322488482008-01-20T19:50:00.000-08:002008-01-29T21:04:16.960-08:00Untuk lebih mengetahui jadwal yang akan di pelajari oleh para siswa SMP N 1 bogor, khususnya kelas 7 maka inilah rencana pembelajaran yang akan disampaikan dalam 1 semester ini.<br /><br /><br /> <h1><span style="font-size: 8pt;">KARTU RENCANA PELAKSANAAN PEMBELAJARAN<o:p></o:p></span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial Terpadu<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Kelas VII Semester 2 Thn.Ajaran 2007/2008<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="page-break-inside: avoid; height: 16.5pt;"> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt; height: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="43"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">No.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135pt; height: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Kompetensi dasar/ Pokok bahasan<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt; height: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Jam pel.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81pt; height: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Januari<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72pt; height: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Februari<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72pt; height: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="96"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Maret<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid; height: 10.5pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt; height: 10.5pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt; height: 10.5pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt; height: 10.5pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt; height: 10.5pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt; height: 10.5pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt; height: 10.5pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt; height: 10.5pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt; height: 10.5pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt; height: 10.5pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt; height: 10.5pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt; height: 10.5pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt; height: 10.5pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid; height: 21pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt; height: 21pt;" valign="top" width="43"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">4.1.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135pt; height: 21pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Menggunakan<span style=""> </span>peta, atlasdan globe <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt; height: 21pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">8<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt; height: 21pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 18pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 21pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 18pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 21pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt; height: 21pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt; height: 21pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt; height: 21pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt; height: 21pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt; height: 21pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt; height: 21pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt; height: 21pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt; height: 21pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt; height: 21pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt;" valign="top" width="43"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">5.1.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Perkembangan masyarakat, kebudayaan dan pemerintahan pada masa Hindu-Budha di Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 18pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 24.2pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt;" valign="top" width="43"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">6.1.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Pola kegiatan ekonomi penduduk, penggunaan lahan dan pola pemukiman berdasarkan kondisi fisik permukaan bumi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 24.2pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt;" valign="top" width="43"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Ulangan harian 1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 18pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt;" valign="top" width="43"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">4.2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Membuat sketsa peta<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 18pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt;" valign="top" width="43"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">5.2.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Perkembangan masyarakat, kebudayaan dan pemerintahan pada masa Islam di Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">8<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 24.2pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid; height: 15.45pt;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt; height: 15.45pt;" valign="top" width="43"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">6.2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135pt; height: 15.45pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Kegiatan pokok ekonomi (produksi, distribusi dan konsumsi.)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt; height: 15.45pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">8<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt; height: 15.45pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt; height: 15.45pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt; height: 15.45pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt; height: 15.45pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt; height: 15.45pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt; height: 15.45pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt; height: 15.45pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt; height: 15.45pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt; height: 15.45pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt; height: 15.45pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 18pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 15.45pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 18pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; height: 15.45pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt;" valign="top" width="43"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">april<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">mei<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">juni<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt;" valign="top" width="43"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Ulangan harian 2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 27pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt;" valign="top" width="43"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">4.3.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Kondisi geografis dan penduduk<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 27pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 18pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt;" valign="top" width="43"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">5.3.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Perkembangan masyarakat, kebudayaan dan pemerintahan pada masa kolonial eropa.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 18pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 18pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt;" valign="top" width="43"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">6.3.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Peran Badan usaha dan koperasi dalam kaitannya dengan pelaku ekonomi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 18pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 24.2pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt;" valign="top" width="43"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">4.4<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Gejala gejala yang terjadi di Atmosfer dan hidrosfer serta dampaknya bagi kehidupan<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">8<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 18pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt;" valign="top" width="43"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Ulangan harian 3<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 18pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt;" valign="top" width="43"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">6.4.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Gagasan kreatif dalam tindakan ekonomi untuk mencapai kemandirian<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 18pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 24.2pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt;" valign="top" width="43"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Ulangan<span style=""> </span>semester genap<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 24.2pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 11.8pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: black none repeat scroll 0% 50%; width: 18pt; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.4pt;" valign="top" width="43"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 24.2pt;" valign="top" width="32"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.8pt;" valign="top" width="16"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 18pt;" valign="top" width="24"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <br /><span style=""><span style=""></span></span>Rudie Suleman S.E.http://www.blogger.com/profile/07902617067835033717noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3115792291663219293.post-83564676379994830902008-01-16T18:55:00.000-08:002008-01-17T20:27:34.285-08:00Ilmu SosialILMU PENGETAHUAN SOSIAL<br /><br /> Ilmu pengetahuan sosial terdiri dari beberapa bidang studi seperti yang saya download dari wikipedia yaitu : <h1>Social sciences</h1> <h3>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3> <p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p> <p>The <b>social sciences</b> are a group of academic disciplines that study human aspects of the world. They differ from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts"><span style="color:#000000;">the arts</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities"><span style="color:#000000;">humanities</span></a> in that the social sciences tend to emphasize the use of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method"><span style="color:#000000;">scientific method</span></a> in the study of humanity, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_method" title="Quantitative method"><span style="color:#000000;">quantitative</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_method" title="Qualitative method"><span style="color:#000000;">qualitative</span></a> methods.</p> <p>The social sciences,<sup><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-0" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[1]</span></a></sup> in studying subjective, inter-subjective and objective or structural aspects of society, are traditionally referred to as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_sciences" title="Soft sciences"><span style="color:#000000;">soft sciences</span></a></i>. This is in contrast to <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_sciences" title="Hard sciences"><span style="color:#000000;">hard sciences</span></a></i>, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science"><span style="color:#000000;">natural sciences</span></a>, which may focus exclusively on objective aspects of nature. Nowadays, however, according to proponents of this view, the distinction between the hard sciences and many of the so-called soft sciences is blurred. Currently, it is a matter of fact that some social science subfields have become very quantitative in methodology. Conversely, the interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary nature of scientific inquiry into human behavior and social and environmental factors affecting it have made many of the so-called hard sciences interested on some aspects of social science methodology.<sup><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-1" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[2]</span></a></sup> Examples of boundary blurring include emerging disciplines like social studies of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine"><span style="color:#000000;">medicine</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology"><span style="color:#000000;">neuropsychology</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioeconomics" title="Bioeconomics"><span style="color:#000000;">bioeconomics</span></a> and the history and sociology of science. Increasingly, quantitative and qualitative methods are being integrated in the study of human action and its implications and consequences.</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <h2><br /></h2> </td></tr></tbody></table><h2> <span class="mw-headline">History of the social sciences</span></h2> <p><i></i>The word "science" is older than its modern use, which is as a short-form for "natural science". Uses of the word "science", in contexts other than those of the natural sciences, are historically valid, so long as they are describing an art or organized body of knowledge which can be taught objectively. The use of the word "science" is not therefore always an attempt to claim that the subject in question ought to stand on the same footing of inquiry as a natural science.</p> <h3><a name="Ancient_Greece"></a><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Ancient <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Greece</st1:place></st1:country-region></span></h3> <p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy"><span style="color:#000000;">ancient philosophy</span></a>, there was no difference between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics"><span style="color:#000000;">mathematics</span></a> and the study of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History" title="History"><span style="color:#000000;">history</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry"><span style="color:#000000;">poetry</span></a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" title="Politics"><span style="color:#000000;">politics</span></a>. Only with the development of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_proof" title="Mathematical proof"><span style="color:#000000;">mathematical proof</span></a> did there gradually arise a perceived difference between "scientific" disciplines and others, the "humanities" or the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts" title="Liberal arts"><span style="color:#000000;">liberal arts</span></a>. Thus, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle"><span style="color:#000000;">Aristotle</span></a> studied <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit"><span style="color:#000000;">planetary motion</span></a> and poetry with the same methods, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato"><span style="color:#000000;">Plato</span></a> mixes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical" title="Geometrical"><span style="color:#000000;">geometrical</span></a> proofs with his demonstration on the state of intrinsic knowledge.</p> <h3><a name="Islamic_civilization"></a><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Islamic civilization</span></h3> <p>Significant contributions to the social sciences were made by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_science" title="Islamic science"><span style="color:#000000;">Muslim scientists</span></a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age"><span style="color:#000000;">Islamic civilization</span></a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_al-Rayh%C4%81n_al-B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%AB" title="Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī"><span style="color:#000000;">Al-Biruni</span></a> (973–1048) has been described as "the first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology"><span style="color:#000000;">anthropologist</span></a>".<sup><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-Ahmed" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[3]</span></a></sup> He wrote detailed comparative studies on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology"><span style="color:#000000;">anthropology</span></a> of peoples, religions and cultures in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East"><span style="color:#000000;">Middle East</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" title="Mediterranean Basin"><span style="color:#000000;">Mediterranean</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia"><span style="color:#000000;">South Asia</span></a>. Al-Biruni's anthropology of religion was only possible for a scholar deeply immersed in the lore of other nations.<sup><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-2" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[4]</span></a></sup> Biruni has also been praised by several scholars for his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam"><span style="color:#000000;">Islamic</span></a> anthropology.<sup><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-3" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[5]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun"><span style="color:#000000;">Ibn Khaldun</span></a> (1332–1406) is regarded as the father of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography" title="Demography"><span style="color:#000000;">demography</span></a>,<sup><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-Mowlana" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[6]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography"><span style="color:#000000;">historiography</span></a>,<sup><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-4" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[7]</span></a></sup> the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history"><span style="color:#000000;">philosophy of history</span></a>,<sup><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-Akhtar" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[8]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology"><span style="color:#000000;">sociology</span></a>,<sup><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-Mowlana" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[6]</span></a><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-Akhtar" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[8]</span></a></sup> and the social sciences,<sup><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-5" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[9]</span></a></sup> and is viewed as one of the forerunners of modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics" title="Economics"><span style="color:#000000;">economics</span></a>. He is best known for his <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah"><span style="color:#000000;">Muqaddimah</span></a></i> (<i>Prolegomenon</i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language"><span style="color:#000000;">Greek</span></a>).</p> <h3><a name="European_enlightenment"></a><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">European enlightenment</span></h3> <p>During the European <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment"><span style="color:#000000;">Age of Enlightenment</span></a>, this unity of science as descriptive remains, for example, in the time of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes"><span style="color:#000000;">Thomas Hobbes</span></a> who argued that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning"><span style="color:#000000;">deductive reasoning</span></a> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom"><span style="color:#000000;">axioms</span></a> created a scientific framework, and hence his <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_%28book%29" title="Leviathan (book)"><span style="color:#000000;">Leviathan</span></a></i> was a scientific description of a political <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth"><span style="color:#000000;">commonwealth</span></a>. What would happen within decades of his work was a revolution in what constituted "science", particularly the work of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton"><span style="color:#000000;">Isaac Newton</span></a> in physics. <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Newton</st1:place></st1:city>, by revolutionizing what was then called "natural philosophy", changed the basic framework by which individuals understood what was "scientific".</p> <p>While he was merely the archetype of an accelerating trend, the important distinction is that for Newton, the mathematical flowed from a presumed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality" title="Reality"><span style="color:#000000;">reality</span></a> independent of the observer, and working by its own rules. For philosophers of the same period, mathematical expression of philosophical ideals was taken to be symbolic of natural human relationships as well: the same laws moved physical and spiritual realities. For examples see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal"><span style="color:#000000;">Blaise Pascal</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Leibniz"><span style="color:#000000;">Gottfried Leibniz</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler"><span style="color:#000000;">Johannes Kepler</span></a>, each of whom took mathematical examples as models for human behavior directly. In Pascal's case, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager"><span style="color:#000000;">famous wager</span></a>; for Leibniz, the invention of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_system" title="Binary numeral system"><span style="color:#000000;">binary computation</span></a>; and for Kepler, the intervention of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel" title="Angel"><span style="color:#000000;">angels</span></a> to guide the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet" title="Planet"><span style="color:#000000;">planets</span></a>.</p> <p>In the realm of other disciplines, this created a pressure to express ideas in the form of mathematical relationships. Such relationships, called "Laws" after the usage of the time (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science"><span style="color:#000000;">philosophy of science</span></a>) became the model which other disciplines would emulate.</p> <h3><a name="Nineteenth_century"></a><span class="mw-headline">Nineteenth century</span></h3> <p>The term "social science" first appeared in the 1824 book <i>An Inquiry into the Principles of the Distribution of Wealth Most Conducive to Human Happiness; applied to the Newly Proposed System of Voluntary Equality of Wealth</i> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thompson_%28philosopher%29" title="William Thompson (philosopher)"><span style="color:#000000;">William Thompson</span></a> (1775–1833). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte"><span style="color:#000000;">Auguste Comte</span></a> (1797–1857) argued that ideas pass through three rising stages, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological" title="Theological"><span style="color:#000000;">theological</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical" title="Philosophical"><span style="color:#000000;">philosophical</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific" title="Scientific"><span style="color:#000000;">scientific</span></a>. He defined the difference as the first being rooted in assumption, the second in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking"><span style="color:#000000;">critical thinking</span></a>, and the third in positive observation. This framework, still rejected by many, encapsulates the thinking which was to push <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic" title="Economic"><span style="color:#000000;">economic</span></a> study from being a descriptive to a mathematically based discipline. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx"><span style="color:#000000;">Karl Marx</span></a> was one of the first writers to claim that his methods of research represented a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science"><span style="color:#000000;">scientific</span></a> view of history in this model.</p> <p>With the late 19th century, attempts to apply equations to statements about <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior"><span style="color:#000000;">human behavior</span></a> became increasingly common. Among the first were the "Laws" of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology" title="Philology"><span style="color:#000000;">philology</span></a>, which attempted to map the change over time of sounds in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language" title="Language"><span style="color:#000000;">language</span></a>.</p> <p>It was with the work of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin"><span style="color:#000000;">Charles Darwin</span></a> that the descriptive version of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory"><span style="color:#000000;">social theory</span></a> received another shock. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology"><span style="color:#000000;">Biology</span></a> had, seemingly, resisted mathematical study, and yet the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Selection" title="Natural Selection"><span style="color:#000000;">theory of natural selection</span></a> and the implied idea of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_inheritance" title="Genetic inheritance"><span style="color:#000000;">genetic inheritance</span></a> - later found to have been enunciated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel"><span style="color:#000000;">Gregor Mendel</span></a>, seemed to point in the direction of a scientific biology based, like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics"><span style="color:#000000;">physics</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry"><span style="color:#000000;">chemistry</span></a>, on mathematical relationships.</p> <h3><a name="Twentieth_century"></a><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Twentieth century</span></h3> <p>In the first half of the 20th century, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics"><span style="color:#000000;">statistics</span></a> became a free-standing discipline of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics"><span style="color:#000000;">applied mathematics</span></a>. Statistical methods were used confidently, for example in an increasingly statistical view of biology.</p> <p>The first thinkers to attempt to combine inquiry of the type they saw in <st1:city st="on">Darwin</st1:city> with exploration of human relationships, which, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution"><span style="color:#000000;">evolutionary</span></a> theory implied, would be based on selective forces, were <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freud" title="Freud"><span style="color:#000000;">Freud</span></a> in <st1:country-region st="on">Austria</st1:country-region> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James" title="William James"><span style="color:#000000;">William James</span></a> in the <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">United States</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Freud's theory of the functioning of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" title="Mind"><span style="color:#000000;">mind</span></a>, and James' work on experimental <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology"><span style="color:#000000;">psychology</span></a> would have enormous impact on those that followed. Freud, in particular, created a framework which would appeal not only to those studying psychology, but artists and writers as well.</p> <p>One of the most persuasive advocates for the view of scientific treatment of philosophy would be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey"><span style="color:#000000;">John Dewey</span></a> (1859–1952). He began, as Marx did, in an attempt to weld <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegelian" title="Hegelian"><span style="color:#000000;">Hegelian</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism"><span style="color:#000000;">idealism</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic" title="Logic"><span style="color:#000000;">logic</span></a> to experimental science, for example in his <i>Psychology</i> of 1887. However, he abandoned Hegelian constructs. Influenced by both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce"><span style="color:#000000;">Charles Sanders Peirce</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James" title="William James"><span style="color:#000000;">William James</span></a>, he joined the movement in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">America</st1:place></st1:country-region> called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism"><span style="color:#000000;">pragmatism</span></a>. He then formulated his basic doctrine, enunciated in essays such as "The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy" (1910).</p> <p>This idea, based on his theory of how <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism" title="Organism"><span style="color:#000000;">organisms</span></a> respond, states that there are three phases to the process of inquiry:</p> <ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Problematic Situation, where the typical response is inadequate.</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Isolation of Data or subject matter.</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Reflective, which is tested empirically.</li></ol> <p>With the rise of the idea of quantitative measurement in the physical sciences, for example <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Rutherford" title="Lord Rutherford"><span style="color:#000000;">Lord Rutherford</span></a>'s famous maxim that any knowledge that one cannot measure numerically "is a poor sort of knowledge", the stage was set for the conception of the humanities as being precursors to "social science."</p> <p>This change was not, and is not, without its detractors, both inside of academia and outside. The range of critiques begin from those who believe that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_sciences" title="Physical sciences"><span style="color:#000000;">physical sciences</span></a> are qualitatively different from social sciences<sup>[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span style="color:#000000;">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, through those who do not believe in statistical science of any kind<sup>[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span style="color:#000000;">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, through those who disagree with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology"><span style="color:#000000;">methodology</span></a> and kinds of conclusion of social science<sup>[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span style="color:#000000;">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, to those who believe the entire framework of scientificizing these disciplines is solely, or mostly, from a desire for prestige and to alienate the public<sup>[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span style="color:#000000;">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</p> <p>In 1924, prominent social scientists established the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_Gamma_Mu" title="Pi Gamma Mu"><span style="color:#000000;">Pi Gamma Mu</span></a> honor society for the social sciences. Among its key objectives were to promote interdisciplinary cooperation and develop an integrated theory of human personality and organization. Toward these ends, a journal for interdisciplinary scholarship in the various social sciences and lectureship grants were established.</p> <h3><a name="Rise"></a><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Rise</span></h3> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Porter" title="Theodore Porter"><span style="color:#000000;">Theodore Porter</span></a> argued in <i>The Rise of Statistical Thinking</i> that the effort to provide a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_social_science&action=edit" title="Synthetic social science"><span style="color:#000000;">synthetic social science</span></a> is a matter of both administration and discovery combined, and that the rise of social science was, therefore, marked by both pragmatic needs as much as by theoretical purity. An example of this is the rise of the concept of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ" title="IQ"><span style="color:#000000;">Intelligence Quotient</span></a>, or IQ. It is unclear precisely what is being measured, but the measurement is useful in that it predicts success in various endeavors.</p> <p>The rise of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialism" title="Industrialism"><span style="color:#000000;">industrialism</span></a> had created a series of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social" title="Social"><span style="color:#000000;">social</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic" title="Economic"><span style="color:#000000;">economic</span></a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political" title="Political"><span style="color:#000000;">political</span></a> problems, particularly in managing supply and demand in their political economy, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_management" title="Resource management"><span style="color:#000000;">management of resources</span></a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military" title="Military"><span style="color:#000000;">military</span></a> and developmental use, the creation of mass <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_system" title="Education system"><span style="color:#000000;">education systems</span></a> to train individuals in symbolic reasoning and problems in managing the effects of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialization" title="Industrialization"><span style="color:#000000;">industrialization</span></a> itself. The perceived senselessness of the "Great War" as it was then called, of 1914–18, now called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I"><span style="color:#000000;">World War I</span></a>, based in what were perceived to be "emotional" and "irrational" decisions, provided an immediate impetus for a form of decision making that was more "scientific" and easier to manage. Simply put, to manage the new multi-national enterprises, private and governmental, required more data. More data required a means of reducing it to information upon which to make decisions. Numbers and charts could be interpreted more quickly and moved more efficiently than long texts.Conversely, the interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary nature of scientific inquiry into human behavior and social and environmental factors affecting it have made many of the so-called hard sciences dependent on social science methodology. Examples of boundary blurring include emerging disciplines like social studies of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine"><span style="color:#000000;">medicine</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology"><span style="color:#000000;">neuropsychology</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioeconomics" title="Bioeconomics"><span style="color:#000000;">bioeconomics</span></a> and the history and sociology of science. Increasingly, quantitative and qualitative methods are being integrated in the study of human action and its implications and consequences.</p> <p>In the 1930s this new model of managing decision making became cemented with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal"><span style="color:#000000;">New Deal</span></a> in the <st1:country-region st="on">US</st1:country-region>, and in <st1:place st="on">Europe</st1:place> with the increasing need to manage industrial production and governmental affairs. Institutions such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_School_for_Social_Research" title="The New School for Social Research"><span style="color:#000000;">The New School for Social Research</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_of_Social_History" title="International Institute of Social History"><span style="color:#000000;">International Institute of Social History</span></a>, and departments of "social research" at prestigious universities were meant to fill the growing demand for individuals who could quantify human interactions and produce models for decision making on this basis.</p> <p>Coupled with this pragmatic need was the belief that the clarity and simplicity of mathematical expression avoided systematic errors of holistic thinking and logic rooted in traditional argument. This trend, part of the larger movement known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism"><span style="color:#000000;">modernism</span></a> provided the rhetorical edge for the expansion of social sciences.</p> <h3><a name="Present_state"></a> <span class="mw-headline">Present state</span></h3> <p>There continues to be little movement toward consensus on what methodology might have the power and refinement to connect a proposed "grand theory" with the various midrange theories which, with considerable success, continue to provide usable frameworks for massive, growing data banks. See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consilience" title="Consilience"><span style="color:#000000;">consilience</span></a>.</p> <h2><a name="Social_science_disciplines"></a> <span class="mw-headline">Social science disciplines</span></h2> <h3><a name="Anthropology"></a><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Anthropology</span></h3> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology"><span style="color:#000000;">Anthropology</span></a> is the holistic discipline that deals with the integration of different aspects of the Social Sciences, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities"><span style="color:#000000;">Humanities</span></a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology"><span style="color:#000000;">Human Biology</span></a>. It includes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology"><span style="color:#000000;">Archaeology</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory"><span style="color:#000000;">Prehistory</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology"><span style="color:#000000;">Paleontology</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Anthropology" title="Physical Anthropology"><span style="color:#000000;">Physical</span></a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Anthropology" title="Physical Anthropology"><span style="color:#000000;">Biological Anthropology</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropological_Linguistics" title="Anthropological Linguistics"><span style="color:#000000;">Anthropological Linguistics</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Anthropology" title="Social Anthropology"><span style="color:#000000;">Social</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Anthropology" title="Cultural Anthropology"><span style="color:#000000;">Cultural Anthropology</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology"><span style="color:#000000;">Ethnology</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography"><span style="color:#000000;">Ethnography</span></a>. It is an area that is offered at most undergraduate institutions. The word anthropos (άνθρωπος) is from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language"><span style="color:#000000;">Greek</span></a> for "human being" or "person." <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Wolf" title="Eric Wolf"><span style="color:#000000;">Eric Wolf</span></a> described sociocultural anthropology as "the most scientific of the humanities, and the most humanistic of the sciences."</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0cm;"><br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h3><a name="Economics"></a> <span class="mw-headline">Economics</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Market-Chichicastenango.jpg" title="Buyers bargain for good prices while sellers put forth their best front in Chichicastenango Market, Guatemala."><span style="text-decoration: none;color:#000000;" ><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Buyers bargain for good prices while sellers put forth their best front in Chichicastenango Market, Guatemala." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Market-Chichicastenango.jpg" title=""Buyers bargain for good prices while sellers put forth their best front in Chichicastenango Market, Guatemala."" style="'width:135pt;height:81pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Team\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.jpg" href="file:///C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Team\My%20Documents\SELLY\Social_science_files\180px-Market-Chichicastenango.jpg"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Team/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.jpg" alt="Buyers bargain for good prices while sellers put forth their best front in Chichicastenango Market, Guatemala." shapes="_x0000_i1025" border="0" height="108" width="180" /></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Market-Chichicastenango.jpg" title="Enlarge"><span style="text-decoration: none;color:#000000;" ><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Market-Chichicastenango.jpg" title=""Enlarge"" style="'width:11.25pt;height:8.25pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Team\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif" href="file:///C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Team\My%20Documents\SELLY\Social_science_files\magnify-clip.png"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Team/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image004.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1026" border="0" height="11" width="15" /></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Buyers bargain for good prices while sellers put forth their best front in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichicastenango" title="Chichicastenango"><span style="color:#000000;">Chichicastenango</span></a> Market, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala"><span style="color:#000000;">Guatemala</span></a>.</p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics" title="Economics"><span style="color:#000000;">Economics</span></a> is a social science that seeks to analyze and describe the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth.<sup><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-6" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[10]</span></a></sup> The word "economics" is from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language"><span style="color:#000000;">Greek</span></a> ο<span style="font-family:Tahoma;">ἶ</span>κος [<i>oikos</i>], "family, household, estate," and νόμος [<i>nomos</i>], "custom, law," and hence means "household management" or "management of the state." An <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist" title="Economist"><span style="color:#000000;">economist</span></a> is a person using economic concepts and data in the course of employment, or someone who has earned a university <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree"><span style="color:#000000;">degree</span></a> in the subject. The classic brief definition of economics, set out by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Robbins" title="Lionel Robbins"><span style="color:#000000;">Lionel Robbins</span></a> in 1932, is "the science which studies human behavior as a relation between scarce means having alternative uses." Without scarcity and alternative uses, there is no <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_problem" title="Economic problem"><span style="color:#000000;">economic problem</span></a>. Briefer yet is "the study of how people seek to satisfy needs and wants" and "the study of the financial aspects of human behaviour."</p> <p>Economics has two broad branches: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics"><span style="color:#000000;">microeconomics</span></a>, where the unit of analysis is the individual agent, such as a household, firm and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics"><span style="color:#000000;">macroeconomics</span></a>, where the unit of analysis is an economy as a whole. Another division of the subject distinguishes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_%28social_sciences%29" title="Positive (social sciences)"><span style="color:#000000;">positive</span></a> economics, which seeks to predict and explain economic phenomena, from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normative" title="Normative"><span style="color:#000000;">normative</span></a> economics, which orders choices and actions by some criterion; such orderings necessarily involve <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjectivity" title="Subjectivity"><span style="color:#000000;">subjective</span></a> value judgments. Since the early part of the 20th century, economics has focused largely on measurable quantities, employing both theoretical models and empirical analysis. Quantitative models, however, can be traced as far back as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiocrats" title="Physiocrats"><span style="color:#000000;">physiocratic school</span></a>. Economic reasoning has been increasingly applied in recent decades to social situations where there is no monetary consideration, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_choice_theory" title="Public choice theory"><span style="color:#000000;">politics</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" title="Law"><span style="color:#000000;">law</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics"><span style="color:#000000;">psychology</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history"><span style="color:#000000;">history</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion"><span style="color:#000000;">religion</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage"><span style="color:#000000;">marriage</span></a> and family life, and other social interactions.</p> <p>This paradigm crucially assumes (1) that resources are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarcity" title="Scarcity"><span style="color:#000000;">scarce</span></a> because they are not sufficient to satisfy all wants, and (2) that "economic value" is willingness to pay as revealed for instance by market (arms' length) transactions. Rival schools of thought, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics"><span style="color:#000000;">heterodox economics</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics"><span style="color:#000000;">institutional economics</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_economics" title="Marxist economics"><span style="color:#000000;">Marxist economics</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism"><span style="color:#000000;">socialism</span></a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_economics" title="Green economics"><span style="color:#000000;">green economics</span></a>, make other grounding assumptions, such as that economics primarily deals with the exchange of value, and that labor (human effort) is the source of all value.</p> <h3><a name="Education"></a><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Education</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Laurentius_de_Voltolina_001.jpg" title="A depiction of Europe's oldest university, the University of Bologna, Italy"><span style="text-decoration: none;color:#000000;" ><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="A depiction of Europe's oldest university, the University of Bologna, Italy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Laurentius_de_Voltolina_001.jpg" title=""A depiction of Europe's oldest university, the University of Bologna, Italy"" style="'width:135pt;height:108.75pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Team\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.jpg" href="file:///C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Team\My%20Documents\SELLY\Social_science_files\180px-Laurentius_de_Voltolina_001.jpg"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Team/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image005.jpg" alt="A depiction of Europe's oldest university, the University of Bologna, Italy" shapes="_x0000_i1027" border="0" height="145" width="180" /></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Laurentius_de_Voltolina_001.jpg" title="Enlarge"><span style="text-decoration: none;color:#000000;" ><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Laurentius_de_Voltolina_001.jpg" title=""Enlarge"" style="'width:11.25pt;height:8.25pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Team\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif" href="file:///C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Team\My%20Documents\SELLY\Social_science_files\magnify-clip.png"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Team/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image004.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1037" border="0" height="11" width="15" /></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal">A depiction of Europe's oldest university, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna"><span style="color:#000000;">University of Bologna</span></a>, <st1:country-region st="on">Italy</st1:country-region></p> <p>Education <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_education_topics" title="List of education topics"><span style="color:#000000;">encompasses</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching" title="Teaching"><span style="color:#000000;">teaching</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning" title="Learning"><span style="color:#000000;">learning</span></a> specific <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill" title="Skill"><span style="color:#000000;">skills</span></a>, and also something less tangible but more profound: the imparting of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge"><span style="color:#000000;">knowledge</span></a>, positive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement"><span style="color:#000000;">judgement</span></a> and well-developed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom"><span style="color:#000000;">wisdom</span></a>. Education has as one of its fundamental aspects the imparting of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture"><span style="color:#000000;">culture</span></a> from generation to generation (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization"><span style="color:#000000;">socialization</span></a>). Education means 'to draw out', facilitating realisation of self-potential and latent talents of an individual. It is an application of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy"><span style="color:#000000;">pedagogy</span></a>, a body of theoretical and applied research relating to teaching and learning and draws on many disciplines such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology"><span style="color:#000000;">psychology</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy"><span style="color:#000000;">philosophy</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science"><span style="color:#000000;">computer science</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics"><span style="color:#000000;">linguistics</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience"><span style="color:#000000;">neuroscience</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology"><span style="color:#000000;">sociology</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology"><span style="color:#000000;">anthropology</span></a>. <sup><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-7" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[11]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The education of an individual human begins at birth and continues throughout life. (Some believe that education begins even before birth, as evidenced by some parents' playing music or reading to the baby in the womb in the hope it will influence the child's development.) For some, the struggles and triumphs of daily <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_life" title="Personal life"><span style="color:#000000;">life</span></a> provide far more instruction than does formal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School" title="School"><span style="color:#000000;">schooling</span></a> (thus <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain"><span style="color:#000000;">Mark Twain</span></a>'s admonition to "never let school interfere with your education"). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family" title="Family"><span style="color:#000000;">Family</span></a> members may have a profound educational effect — often more profound than they realize — though family teaching may function very informally.</p> <h3><a name="Geography"></a><span class="mw-headline">Geography</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Physical_world.jpg" title="Map of the Earth"><span style="text-decoration: none;color:#000000;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Team/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.jpg" alt="Map of the Earth" shapes="_x0000_i1028" border="0" height="103" width="180" /></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Physical_world.jpg" title="Enlarge"><span style="text-decoration: none;color:#000000;" ><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Physical_world.jpg" title=""Enlarge"" style="'width:11.25pt;height:8.25pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Team\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif" href="file:///C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Team\My%20Documents\SELLY\Social_science_files\magnify-clip.png"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Team/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image004.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1038" border="0" height="11" width="15" /></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Map of the Earth</p> <p>Geography as a discipline can be split broadly into two main sub fields: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography"><span style="color:#000000;">human geography</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography"><span style="color:#000000;">physical geography</span></a>. The former focuses largely on the built environment and how space is created, viewed and managed by humans as well as the influence humans have on the space they occupy. The latter examines the natural environment and how the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate" title="Climate"><span style="color:#000000;">climate</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation"><span style="color:#000000;">vegetation</span></a> & life, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil" title="Soil"><span style="color:#000000;">soil</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water"><span style="color:#000000;">water</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landforms" title="Landforms"><span style="color:#000000;">landforms</span></a> are produced and interact.<sup><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-8" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[12]</span></a></sup> As a result of the two subfields using different approaches a third field has emerged, which is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_geography" title="Environmental geography"><span style="color:#000000;">environmental geography</span></a>. Environmental geography combines physical and human geography and looks at the interactions between the environment and humans.<sup><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-Hayes-Bohanan" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[13]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Geographers attempt to understand the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth"><span style="color:#000000;">earth</span></a> in terms of physical and spatial relationships. The first geographers focused on the science of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapmaking" title="Mapmaking"><span style="color:#000000;">mapmaking</span></a> and finding ways to precisely <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection"><span style="color:#000000;">project</span></a> the surface of the earth. In this sense, geography bridges some gaps between the natural sciences and social sciences. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_geography" title="Historical geography"><span style="color:#000000;">Historical geography</span></a> is often taught in a college in a unified Department of Geography.</p> <p>Modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks to understand how the world has changed in terms of human settlement and natural patterns. The fields of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Planning" title="Urban Planning"><span style="color:#000000;">Urban Planning</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Science" title="Regional Science"><span style="color:#000000;">Regional Science</span></a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetology" title="Planetology"><span style="color:#000000;">Planetology</span></a> are closely related to geography. Practicioners of geography use many technologies and methods to collect data such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing"><span style="color:#000000;">remote sensing</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography"><span style="color:#000000;">aerial photography</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics"><span style="color:#000000;">statistics</span></a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_positioning_systems" title="Global positioning systems"><span style="color:#000000;">global positioning systems</span></a> (GPS).</p> <p>The field of geography is generally split into two distinct branches: physical and human. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography"><span style="color:#000000;">Physical geography</span></a></i> examines phenomena related to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology"><span style="color:#000000;">climate</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography"><span style="color:#000000;">oceans</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedology_%28soil_study%29" title="Pedology (soil study)"><span style="color:#000000;">soils</span></a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy"><span style="color:#000000;">measurement of earth</span></a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography"><span style="color:#000000;">Human geography</span></a></i> focuses on fields as diverse as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography"><span style="color:#000000;">Cultural geography</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_geography" title="Transportation geography"><span style="color:#000000;">transportation</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_geography" title="Health geography"><span style="color:#000000;">health</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_geography" title="Military geography"><span style="color:#000000;">military operations</span></a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_geography" title="Urban geography"><span style="color:#000000;">cities</span></a>. Other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography#Branches_of_geography" title="Geography"><span style="color:#000000;">branches of geography</span></a> include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_geography" title="Social geography"><span style="color:#000000;">Social geography</span></a>, regional geography, geomantics, and environmental geography.</p> <h3><a name="History"></a><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">History</span></h3> <p>History is the continuous, systematic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative"><span style="color:#000000;">narrative</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research" title="Research"><span style="color:#000000;">research</span></a> of past events as relating to the human species; as well as the study of all events in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time" title="Time"><span style="color:#000000;">time</span></a>, in relation to humanity. There is much debate over history's classification of academe, for instance in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><span style="color:#000000;">United States</span></a> the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities"><span style="color:#000000;">National Endowment for the Humanities</span></a> includes history in its definition of a Humanities (as it does for applied Linguistics)<sup><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-9" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[14]</span></a></sup>. However the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" title="United States National Research Council"><span style="color:#000000;">National Research Council</span></a> classifies History as a Social science.<sup><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-10" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[15]</span></a></sup> History can be seen as the sum total of many things taken together and the spectrum of events occurring in action following in order leading from the past to the present and into the future. The <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method"><span style="color:#000000;">historical method</span></a></i> comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source"><span style="color:#000000;">primary sources</span></a> and other evidence to research and then to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography"><span style="color:#000000;">write history</span></a>.</p> <h3><a name="Law"></a><span class="mw-headline">Law</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Old_Bailey_Microcosm_edited.jpg" title="A trial at a criminal court, the Old Bailey in London"><span style="text-decoration: none;color:#000000;" ><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="A trial at a criminal court, the Old Bailey in London" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Old_Bailey_Microcosm_edited.jpg" title=""A trial at a criminal court, the Old Bailey in London"" style="'width:135pt;height:102pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Team\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.jpg" href="file:///C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Team\My%20Documents\SELLY\Social_science_files\180px-Old_Bailey_Microcosm_edited.jpg"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Team/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image007.jpg" alt="A trial at a criminal court, the Old Bailey in London" shapes="_x0000_i1029" border="0" height="136" width="180" /></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Old_Bailey_Microcosm_edited.jpg" title="Enlarge"><span style="text-decoration: none;color:#000000;" ><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1039" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Old_Bailey_Microcosm_edited.jpg" title=""Enlarge"" style="'width:11.25pt;height:8.25pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Team\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif" href="file:///C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Team\My%20Documents\SELLY\Social_science_files\magnify-clip.png"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Team/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image004.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1039" border="0" height="11" width="15" /></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal">A trial at a criminal court, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bailey" title="Old Bailey"><span style="color:#000000;">Old Bailey</span></a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London"><span style="color:#000000;">London</span></a></p> <p>Law in common parlance, means a rule which (unlike a rule of ethics) is capable of enforcement through institutions.<sup><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-11" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[16]</span></a></sup> The study of law crosses the boundaries between the social sciences and humanities, depending on one's view of research into its objectives and effects. Law is not always enforceable, especially in the international relations context. It has been defined as a "system of rules",<sup><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-hhc" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[17]</span></a></sup> as an "interpretive concept"<sup><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-rdl" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[18]</span></a></sup> to achieve justice, as an "authority"<sup><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-jra" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[19]</span></a></sup> to mediate people's interests, and even as "the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction".<sup><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-jap" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[20]</span></a></sup> However one likes to think of law, it is a completely central social institution. Legal policy incorporates the practical manifestation of thinking from almost every social sciences and humanity. Laws are politics, because politicians create them. Law is philosophy, because moral and ethical persuasions shape their ideas. Law tells many of history's stories, because statutes, case law and codifications build up over time. And law is economics, because any rule about <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract" title="Contract"><span style="color:#000000;">contract</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort" title="Tort"><span style="color:#000000;">tort</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law"><span style="color:#000000;">property law</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law"><span style="color:#000000;">labour law</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_law" title="Company law"><span style="color:#000000;">company law</span></a> and many more can have long lasting effects on the distribution of wealth. The noun <i>law</i> derives from the late <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_language" title="Old English language"><span style="color:#000000;">Old English</span></a> <i>lagu</i>, meaning something laid down or fixed<sup><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-12" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[21]</span></a></sup> and the adjective <i>legal</i> comes from the Latin word <i>lex</i>.<sup><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Team/My%20Documents/SELLY/Social_science.htm#_note-13" title=""><span style="color:#000000;">[22]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><a name="Linguistics"></a> <span class="mw-headline">Linguistics</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ferdinand_de_Saussure.jpg" title="Ferdinand de Saussure, recognized as the father of modern linguistics"><span style="text-decoration: none;color:#000000;" ><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Ferdinand de Saussure, recognized as the father of modern linguistics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ferdinand_de_Saussure.jpg" title=""Ferdinand de Saussure, recognized as the father of modern linguistics"" style="'width:135pt;height:163.5pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Team\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image008.jpg" href="file:///C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Team\My%20Documents\SELLY\Social_science_files\180px-Ferdinand_de_Saussure.jpg"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Team/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.jpg" alt="Ferdinand de Saussure, recognized as the father of modern linguistics" shapes="_x0000_i1030" border="0" height="218" width="180" /></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ferdinand_de_Saussure.jpg" title="Enlarge"><span style="text-decoration: none;color:#000000;" ><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1040" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ferdinand_de_Saussure.jpg" title=""Enlarge"" style="'width:11.25pt;height:8.25pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Team\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif" href="file:///C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Team\My%20Documents\SELLY\Social_science_files\magnify-clip.png"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Team/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image004.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1040" border="0" height="11" width="15" /></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure"><span style="color:#000000;">Ferdinand de Saussure</span></a>, recognized as the father of modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics"><span style="color:#000000;">linguistics</span></a></p> <p>Linguistics is a discipline that looks at the cognitive and social aspects of human language. The field is traditionally divided into areas that focus on particular aspects of the linguistic signal, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax"><span style="color:#000000;">syntax</span></a> (the study of the rules that govern the structure of sentences), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics"><span style="color:#000000;">semantics</span></a> (the study of meaning), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics"><span style="color:#000000;">phonetics</span></a> (the study of speech sounds) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology"><span style="color:#000000;">phonology</span></a> (the study of the abstract sound system of a particular language); however, work in areas like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics"><span style="color:#000000;">evolutionary linguistics</span></a> (the study of the origins and evolution of language) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics"><span style="color:#000000;">psycholinguistics</span></a> (the study of psychological factors in human language) cut across these divisions.</p> <p>The overwhelming majority of modern research in linguistics takes a predominantly <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/synchronic" title="wikt:synchronic"><span style="color:#000000;">synchronic</span></a> perspective (focusing on language at a particular point in time), and a great deal of it—partly owing to the influence of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky"><span style="color:#000000;">Noam Chomsky</span></a>—aims at formulating theories of the cognitive processing of language. However, language does not exist in a vacuum, or only in the brain, and approaches like contact linguistics, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole" title="Creole"><span style="color:#000000;">creole</span></a> studies, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis"><span style="color:#000000;">discourse analysis</span></a>, social interactional linguistics, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics"><span style="color:#000000;">sociolinguistics</span></a> explore language in its social context. Sociolinguistics often makes use of traditional quantitative analysis and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics"><span style="color:#000000;">statistics</span></a> in investigating the frequency of features, while some disciplines, like contact linguistics, focus on qualitative analysis. While certain areas of linguistics can thus be understood as clearly falling within the social sciences, other areas, like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_phonetics" title="Acoustic phonetics"><span style="color:#000000;">acoustic phonetics</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics"><span style="color:#000000;">neurolinguistics</span></a>, draw on the natural sciences. Linguistics draws only secondarily on the humanities, which played a rather greater role in linguistic inquiry in the 19th and early 20th centuries. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Saussure" title="Ferdinand Saussure"><span style="color:#000000;">Ferdinand Saussure</span></a> is considered the father of modern linguistics.</p> <h3><a name="Political_science"></a><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Political science</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg" title="Aristotle asserted that man is a political animal in his book Politics"><span style="text-decoration: none;color:#000000;" ><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Aristotle asserted that man is a political animal in his book Politics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg" title=""Aristotle asserted that man is a political animal in his book Politics"" style="'width:135pt;height:180pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Team\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.jpg" href="file:///C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Team\My%20Documents\SELLY\Social_science_files\180px-Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Team/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image009.jpg" alt="Aristotle asserted that man is a political animal in his book Politics" shapes="_x0000_i1031" border="0" height="240" width="180" /></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg" title="Enlarge"><span style="text-decoration: none;color:#000000;" ><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1041" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg" title=""Enlarge"" style="'width:11.25pt;height:8.25pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Team\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif" href="file:///C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Team\My%20Documents\SELLY\Social_science_files\magnify-clip.png"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Team/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image004.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1041" border="0" height="11" width="15" /></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle"><span style="color:#000000;">Aristotle</span></a> asserted that man is a political animal in his book <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_%28Aristotle%29" title="Politics (Aristotle)"><span style="color:#000000;">Politics</span></a></i></p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science"><span style="color:#000000;">Political science</span></a> is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia" title="Academia"><span style="color:#000000;">academic</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research" title="Research"><span style="color:#000000;">research</span></a> discipline that deals with the theory and practice of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" title="Politics"><span style="color:#000000;">politics</span></a> and the description and analysis of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system"><span style="color:#000000;">political systems</span></a> and political behavior. Fields and subfields of political science include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy"><span style="color:#000000;">political theory and philosophy</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civics" title="Civics"><span style="color:#000000;">civics</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics"><span style="color:#000000;">comparative politics</span></a>, theory of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy"><span style="color:#000000;">direct democracy</span></a>, apolitical governance, participatory direct democracy, national systems, cross-national political analysis, political development, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations"><span style="color:#000000;">international relations</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy"><span style="color:#000000;">foreign policy</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law" title="International law"><span style="color:#000000;">international law</span></a>, politics, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration"><span style="color:#000000;">public administration</span></a>, administrative behavior, public law, judicial behavior, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy"><span style="color:#000000;">public policy</span></a>. Political science also studies <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_in_international_relations" title="Power in international relations"><span style="color:#000000;">power in international relations</span></a> and the theory of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_powers" title="Great powers"><span style="color:#000000;">Great powers</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpowers" title="Superpowers"><span style="color:#000000;">Superpowers</span></a>.</p> <p>Political science is methodologically diverse. Approaches to the discipline include classical political philosophy, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretivism_%28social_science%29" title="Interpretivism (social science)"><span style="color:#000000;">interpretivism</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism"><span style="color:#000000;">structuralism</span></a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioralism" title="Behavioralism"><span style="color:#000000;">behavioralism</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism"><span style="color:#000000;">realism</span></a>, pluralism, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionalism" title="Institutionalism"><span style="color:#000000;">institutionalism</span></a>. Political science, as one of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science"><span style="color:#000000;">social sciences</span></a>, uses methods and techniques that relate to the kinds of inquiries sought: primary sources such as historical documents and official records, secondary sources such as scholarly journal articles, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_survey" title="Sample survey"><span style="color:#000000;">survey</span></a> research, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_analysis" title="Statistical analysis"><span style="color:#000000;">statistical analysis</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_studies" title="Case studies"><span style="color:#000000;">case studies</span></a>, and model building. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Baxter_Adams" title="Herbert Baxter Adams"><span style="color:#000000;">Herbert Baxter Adams</span></a> is credited with coining the phrase "political science" while teaching history at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University"><span style="color:#000000;">Johns Hopkins University</span></a>.</p> <h3><a name="Psychology"></a><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Psychology</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wundt-research-group.jpg" title="Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt was the founder experimental psychology"><span style="text-decoration: none;color:#000000;" ><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt was the founder experimental psychology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wundt-research-group.jpg" title=""Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt was the founder experimental psychology"" style="'width:135pt;height:99pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Team\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image010.jpg" href="file:///C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Team\My%20Documents\SELLY\Social_science_files\180px-Wundt-research-group.jpg"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Team/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image010.jpg" alt="Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt was the founder experimental psychology" shapes="_x0000_i1032" border="0" height="132" width="180" /></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wundt-research-group.jpg" title="Enlarge"><span style="text-decoration: none;color:#000000;" ><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1042" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wundt-research-group.jpg" title=""Enlarge"" style="'width:11.25pt;height:8.25pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Team\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif" href="file:///C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Team\My%20Documents\SELLY\Social_science_files\magnify-clip.png"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Team/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image004.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1042" border="0" height="11" width="15" /></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Maximilian_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt"><span style="color:#000000;">Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt</span></a> was the founder <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology"><span style="color:#000000;">experimental psychology</span></a></p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology"><span style="color:#000000;">Psychology</span></a> is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic" title="Academic"><span style="color:#000000;">academic</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science"><span style="color:#000000;">applied</span></a> field involving the study of behavior and mental processes. Psychology also refers to the application of such <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge"><span style="color:#000000;">knowledge</span></a> to various spheres of human activity, including problems of individuals' <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyday_life" title="Everyday life"><span style="color:#000000;">daily lives</span></a> and the treatment of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_illness" title="Mental illness"><span style="color:#000000;">mental illness</span></a>.</p> <p>Psychology differs from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology"><span style="color:#000000;">anthropology</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics" title="Economics"><span style="color:#000000;">economics</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science"><span style="color:#000000;">political science</span></a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology"><span style="color:#000000;">sociology</span></a> in seeking to capture explanatory generalizations about the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_function" title="Mental function"><span style="color:#000000;">mental function</span></a> and overt <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviour" title="Behaviour"><span style="color:#000000;">behaviour</span></a> of individuals, while the other disciplines rely more heavily on field studies and historical methods for extracting descriptive generalizations. In practice, however, there is quite a lot of cross-fertilization that takes place among the various fields. Psychology differs from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology"><span style="color:#000000;">biology</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience"><span style="color:#000000;">neuroscience</span></a> in that it is primarily concerned with the interaction of mental processes and behavior, and of the overall processes of a system, and not simply the biological or neural processes themselves, though the subfield of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology"><span style="color:#000000;">neuropsychology</span></a> combines the study of the actual neural processes with the study of the mental effects they have subjectively produced. Many people associate Psychology with Clinical Psychology which focuses on assessment and treatment of problems in living and psychopathology. In reality, Psychology has myriad specialties including: Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Industrial-Organizational Psychology, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology"><span style="color:#000000;">Mathematical psychology</span></a>, Neuropsychology, and Quantitative Analysis of Behaviour to name only a few. The word <i>psychology</i> comes from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" title="Ancient Greek language"><span style="color:#000000;">ancient Greek</span></a> ψυχή, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyche_%28psychology%29" title="Psyche (psychology)"><span style="color:#000000;">psyche</span></a></i> ("soul", "mind") and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-logy" title="-logy"><span style="color:#000000;">logy</span></a></i>, study).</p> <p>Psychology is a very broad science that is rarely tackled as a whole, major block. Although some subfields encompass a natural science base and a social science application, others can be clearly distinguished as having little to do with the social sciences or having a lot to do with the social sciences. For example, biological psychology is considered a natural science with a social scientific application (as is clinical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine"><span style="color:#000000;">medicine</span></a>), social and occupational psychology are, generally speaking, purely social sciences, whereas neuropsychology is a natural science that lacks application out of the scientific tradition entirely. In British universities, emphasis on what tenet of psychology a student has studied and/or concentrated is communicated through the degree conferred: B.Psy. indicates a balance between natural and social sciences, B.Sc. indicates a strong (or entire) scientific concentration, whereas a B.A. underlines a majority of social science credits.</p> <h3><a name="Sociology"></a><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Sociology</span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Max_Weber_1917.jpg" title="Max Weber was a leading German sociologist"><span style="text-decoration: none;color:#000000;" ><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Max Weber was a leading German sociologist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Max_Weber_1917.jpg" title=""Max Weber was a leading German sociologist"" style="'width:135pt;height:78.75pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Team\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.jpg" href="file:///C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Team\My%20Documents\SELLY\Social_science_files\180px-Max_Weber_1917.jpg"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Team/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image011.jpg" alt="Max Weber was a leading German sociologist" shapes="_x0000_i1033" border="0" height="105" width="180" /></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Max_Weber_1917.jpg" title="Enlarge"><span style="text-decoration: none;color:#000000;" ><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1034" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Max_Weber_1917.jpg" title=""Enlarge"" style="'width:11.25pt;height:8.25pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Team\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.gif" href="file:///C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Team\My%20Documents\SELLY\Social_science_files\magnify-clip.png"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Team/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image004.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1034" border="0" height="11" width="15" /></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber"><span style="color:#000000;">Max Weber</span></a> was a leading German sociologist</p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology"><span style="color:#000000;">Sociology</span></a> is the study of society and human social action. It generally concerns itself with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_rule" title="Social rule"><span style="color:#000000;">social rules</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_%28general%29" title="Process (general)"><span style="color:#000000;">processes</span></a> that bind and separate people not only as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual" title="Individual"><span style="color:#000000;">individuals</span></a>, but as members of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association"><span style="color:#000000;">associations</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_%28sociology%29" title="Group (sociology)"><span style="color:#000000;">groups</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community" title="Community"><span style="color:#000000;">communities</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_institution" title="Social institution"><span style="color:#000000;">institutions</span></a>, and includes the examination of the organization and development of human social life. The sociological field of interest ranges from the analysis of short <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contact" title="Social contact"><span style="color:#000000;">contacts</span></a> between anonymous individuals on the street to the study of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization"><span style="color:#000000;">global social processes</span></a>. Most sociologists work in one or more <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfields_of_sociology" title="Subfields of sociology"><span style="color:#000000;">subfields</span></a>.</p> <p>The meaning of the word comes from the suffix "-ology" which means "study of," derived from Greek, and the stem "soci-" which is from the Latin word socius, meaning member, friend, or ally, thus referring to people in general. It is a social science involving the application of social theory and research methods to the study of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social" title="Social"><span style="color:#000000;">social</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life"><span style="color:#000000;">lives</span></a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human" title="Human"><span style="color:#000000;">people</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_%28sociology%29" title="Group (sociology)"><span style="color:#000000;">groups</span></a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society" title="Society"><span style="color:#000000;">societies</span></a>, sometimes defined as the study of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_interactions" title="Social interactions"><span style="color:#000000;">social interactions</span></a>. It is a relatively new <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline"><span style="color:#000000;">academic discipline</span></a> which evolved in the early 19th century.</p> <p>Because sociology is such a broad discipline, it can be difficult to define, even for professional sociologists. One useful way to describe the discipline is as a cluster of sub-fields that examine different dimensions of society. For example, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification"><span style="color:#000000;">social stratification</span></a> studies inequality and class structure; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography" title="Demography"><span style="color:#000000;">demography</span></a> studies changes in a population size or type; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology"><span style="color:#000000;">criminology</span></a> examines criminal behavior and deviance; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology"><span style="color:#000000;">political sociology</span></a> studies government and laws; and the sociology of race and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_gender" title="Sociology of gender"><span style="color:#000000;">sociology of gender</span></a> examine society's racial and gender cleavages.</p> <p>Sociological methods, theories, and concepts may inspire sociologists to explore the origins of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense"><span style="color:#000000;">commonly accepted</span></a> conventions. Sociology offers insights about the social world that extend beyond explanations that rely on individual quirks and personalities. Sociologist may find general social patterns in studying the behaviour of particular individuals and groups. This specific approach to social reality is sometimes called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociological_perspective" title="Sociological perspective"><span style="color:#000000;">sociological perspective</span></a>.<sup>[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span style="color:#000000;">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>Sociologists use a diversity of research methods, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_studies" title="Case studies"><span style="color:#000000;">case studies</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography"><span style="color:#000000;">historical research</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interviewing" title="Interviewing"><span style="color:#000000;">interviewing</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participant_observation" title="Participant observation"><span style="color:#000000;">participant observation</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis"><span style="color:#000000;">social network analysis</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_survey" title="Statistical survey"><span style="color:#000000;">survey</span></a> research, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_analysis" title="Statistical analysis"><span style="color:#000000;">statistical analysis</span></a>, and model building, among other approaches. Since the late 1970s, many sociologists have tried to make the discipline useful for non-academic purposes. The results of sociological research aid educators, lawmakers, administrators, developers, and others interested in resolving social problems and formulating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy"><span style="color:#000000;">public policy</span></a>, through subdisciplinary areas such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluation_research" title="Evaluation research"><span style="color:#000000;">evaluation research</span></a>, methodological <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assessment" title="Assessment"><span style="color:#000000;">assessment</span></a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sociology" title="Public sociology"><span style="color:#000000;">public sociology</span></a>.</p> <p>New sociological sub-fields continue to appear - such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_studies" title="Community studies"><span style="color:#000000;">community studies</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology"><span style="color:#000000;">computational sociology</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_analysis" title="Network analysis"><span style="color:#000000;">network analysis</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor-network_theory" title="Actor-network theory"><span style="color:#000000;">actor-network theory</span></a> and a growing list, many of which are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_disciplines" title="List of academic disciplines"><span style="color:#000000;">cross-disciplinary</span></a> in nature.</p> <h3><a name="Further_fields"></a><span class="editsection"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_sciences&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further fields"><span style="color:#000000;"></span></a></span></h3><h2><a name="Social_theory_and_research_methods"></a><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Social theory and research methods</span></h2> <p>The social sciences share many social theory perspectives and research methods. Theory perspectives include various types of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory"><span style="color:#000000;">critical theory</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism"><span style="color:#000000;">dialectical materialism</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory"><span style="color:#000000;">feminist theory</span></a>, assorted branches of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy"><span style="color:#000000;">Marxist theory</span></a> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution"><span style="color:#000000;">revolutionary theory</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict"><span style="color:#000000;">class theory</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-colonialism" title="Post-colonialism"><span style="color:#000000;">post-colonial theory</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism"><span style="color:#000000;">postmodernism</span></a> as well as the related <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism"><span style="color:#000000;">intellectual criticalism</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience"><span style="color:#000000;">scientific criticalism</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_choice_theory" title="Rational choice theory"><span style="color:#000000;">rational choice theory</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrationalism" title="Irrationalism"><span style="color:#000000;">rational criticalism</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism"><span style="color:#000000;">social constructionism</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism"><span style="color:#000000;">structuralism</span></a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism"><span style="color:#000000;">structural functionalism</span></a>. Research methods shared include a wide variety of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_method" title="Quantitative method"><span style="color:#000000;">quantitative</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_method" title="Qualitative method"><span style="color:#000000;">qualitative</span></a> methods.</p> <p>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphism_thesis" title="Graphism thesis"><span style="color:#000000;">graphism thesis</span></a> maintains that social sciences do not use graphs as much as natural sciences.</p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0cm;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wiki_letter_w.svg" title="Wiki letter w.svg"><span style="text-decoration: none;color:#000000;" ><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1043" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wiki_letter_w.svg" title=""Wiki letter w.svg"" style="'width:12.75pt;height:12.75pt'" button="t"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Team\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.png" href="file:///C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Team\My%20Documents\SELLY\Social_science_files\17px-Wiki_letter_w.png"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span></a></p> <br /></td> <td style="padding: 0cm;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><i> <sup>is</sup></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h2><a name="Criticism"></a> <span class="mw-headline">Criticism</span></h2><h2><span style="font-size:85%;">The social sciences are sometimes criticized as being less scientific than the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_sciences" title="Natural sciences"><span style="color:#000000;">natural sciences</span></a>, in that they are seen as being less rigorous or empirical in their methods. This claim is most commonly made when comparing social sciences to fields such as physics, chemistry or biology in which corroboration of the hypothesis is far more incisive with regard to data observed from specifically designed experiments. Social sciences can thus be deemed to be largely observational, in that explanations for cause-effect relationships are largely subjective. A limited degree of freedom is available in designing the factor setting for a particular observational study. Social scientists however, argue against such claims by pointing to the use of a rich variety of scientific processes, mathematical proofs, and other methods in their professional literature.</span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>Others, however argue that the social world is much too complex to be studied as one would study static molecules. The actions or reactions of a molecule or chemical substance are always the same when placed in certain situations. Humans, on the other hand, are much too complex for these traditional scientific methodologies. Humans and society do not have certain rules that always have the same outcome and they cannot guarantee to react the same way to certain situations.</p> <p>A third criticism is that social sciences tend to be compromised more frequently by politics, since results from social science may threaten certain centers of power in a society, particularly ones which fund the research institutions. Further, complexity exacerbates the problems, since observed social data may be the result of factors which are hard to evaluate in isolation.</p> <p>Not all institutions recognize some fields listed above as social sciences or as being only social scientific. Some disciplines have characteristics of both the humanities, social and natural sciences: for example some subfields of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology"><span style="color:#000000;">anthropology</span></a>, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology"><span style="color:#000000;">biological anthropology</span></a>, are closely related to the natural sciences whereas <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology"><span style="color:#000000;">archaeology</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics"><span style="color:#000000;">linguistics</span></a> are social sciences, while cultural anthropology is very much linked with the humanities. Note that social science methodologies are being incorporated into so-called hard science fields like medicine, where a three-legged stool to the understanding of physical well-being is now emphasized in the medical curriculum: biological, socio-psychological, and environmental.</p> <h2><a name="Notes_and_references"></a><span class="editsection"></span></h2> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>Rudie Suleman S.E.http://www.blogger.com/profile/07902617067835033717noreply@blogger.com1